UDEMY / Intermediate 2 (1 tekrarlı) Flashcards
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QUANTIFIERS
What do “great deal of” and “plenty of” mean?
Think about their equivalence to informal expressions.
Both mean “lots of” and indicate abundance.
Great deal of” and “plenty of” mean “lots of.” Example: “I have a great deal of time today.” “We have plenty of resources.
Abundance focus.
Informally interchangeable with “a lot of.”
QUANTIFIERS Example 1
What is the difference between “a little” and “little”?
Focus on positive versus negative tone.
“A little” means there is some, but “little” means almost none.
Example: “I have a little money, so I can help.” “I have little money, so I can’t help much.”
Positive and negative tone comparison.
Applies similarly to “a few” versus “few.”
NEW WORD: Yell
What does “yell” mean?
Consider the intensity of speaking.
“Yell” means to shout loudly, often in anger or urgency.
Example: “She yelled at her brother for breaking the vase.”
High-intensity speech.
Informally interchangeable with “shout.”
NEW WORD: On foot
What does “on foot” mean?
Think about movement methods.
“On foot” means walking rather than using a vehicle.
Example: “We traveled to the park on foot.”
Walking-related term.
Opposite of “by car,” “by bike,” etc.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
What does “constantly” mean in Present Continuous?
Focus on repeated actions.
“Constantly” refers to ongoing or repetitive actions.
Example: “You are constantly interrupting me!”
Repetition focus.
Used to emphasize annoyance or persistence.
TIME EXPRESSIONS Example 1
What does “at present” mean?
Think about temporary situations.
“At present” refers to actions happening now or temporarily.
Example: “At present, we are focusing on completing the project.”
Temporary focus.
Similar to “currently.”
NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
What are non-progressive verbs?
Focus on verbs that describe states rather than actions.
Non-progressive verbs describe mental states, possession, or perception, and are not used in continuous forms.
Example: “I realize the importance of studying.” “This book belongs to me.” “That sounds great.”
State verbs focus.
Common categories include mental states, possession, perception, and emotions.
NEW WORD: Tournament
What does “tournament” mean?
Consider its context in competition.
“Tournament” refers to a series of contests or matches.
Example: “He participated in the tennis tournament last week.”
Competition focus.
Often used in sports or games.
IMPERATIVE
How do we form imperatives?
Think about commands and instructions.
Imperatives start with the base form of a verb and imply a command, request, or suggestion.
Example: “Put on your coat.” “Come in.” “Pass the salt.”
Command focus.
Often paired with polite modifiers like “please.”
LINKING WORDS
How is “but” used?
Consider its function in sentences.
“But” connects contrasting ideas in a sentence.
Example: “I have money but no time.” “I like tea, but I don’t like coffee.”
Contrast focus.
Common for opposing preferences or ideas.
ONE/ONES
How do we use “one” and “ones”?
Focus on their function as substitutes.
“One/Ones” replace a previously mentioned noun to avoid repetition.
Example: “I like the red one.” “I prefer historical movies more than action ones.”
Noun substitution focus.
“One” is singular, and “ones” is plural.
OBJECT PRONOUNS
What is an object pronoun?
Focus on its use in sentences.
Object pronouns receive the action of a verb.
Example: “She is calling Mr. Smith.” “A letter came to her.”
Action receiver focus.
Includes “me, you, him, her, us, them.”
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
What is a reflexive pronoun?
Think about actions done by the subject to itself.
Reflexive pronouns reflect the action back to the subject.
Example: “I will do it myself.” “We can do it ourselves.” “He did it by himself.”
Self-action focus.
Includes “myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.”
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
What do possessive pronouns indicate?
Focus on ownership or belonging.
Possessive pronouns show ownership or relationships.
Example: “This book is mine.” “That coat is hers.” “Our house is white, but theirs is red.”
Ownership focus.
Includes “mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.”
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
What are indefinite pronouns?
Focus on non-specific people or things.
Indefinite pronouns refer to unspecified people or things.
Example: “Everyone knows that.” “I don’t need anyone.” “There was nothing you could do.”
Non-specific reference focus.
Includes “everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, something, everything, nothing, somewhere.”
NEW WORD: Cutting the corners
What does “cutting the corners” mean?
Consider its informal usage.
“Cutting the corners” means to do something quickly but carelessly, often sacrificing quality.
Example: “Most of the Turkish people like cutting the corners.”
Informal focus.
Commonly used in business or practical tasks.
FUTURE: SHALL
How is “shall” used in the future tense?
Focus on offers and suggestions.
“Shall” is used for making offers or seeking suggestions.
Example: “Shall we go to the cinema?” “Shall I buy this shirt?”
Offer and suggestion focus.
Common in British English; less used in American English.
CAN
What is the limitation of “CAN”?
Focus on its use in different tenses.
“CAN” is limited to the Present Tense and cannot be used in past or future contexts.
CAN” is only used in Present Tense. Example: “I can run fast.
Focus on Present Tense.
Applies to both affirmative and negative forms.
BE ABLE TO
How is “BE ABLE TO” different?
Consider its flexibility in tenses.
“BE ABLE TO” can be used in all tenses, offering greater flexibility than “CAN.”
BE ABLE TO” works in all tenses. Examples: “I am busy now, but I will be able to finish the marathon.” “I haven’t ever been able to finish the marathon yet.
Tense flexibility.
Useful for expressing abilities beyond the Present Tense.
MAY - MIGHT
How do “MAY” and “MIGHT” differ?
Compare their levels of certainty.
“MAY” suggests possibility, while “MIGHT” indicates a slightly higher likelihood.
MAY” and “MIGHT” express possibilities. Examples: “I might go to the cinema.” “There is a lot of traffic, I might be late.” “May I sit next to you?
Possibility focus.
“MAY” is often used formally; “MIGHT” is less formal and more conversational.
NEW WORD: Determined
What does “determined” mean?
Consider its application to resolve or decision-making.
“Determined” describes having a firm decision or resolve to achieve something.
Example: “She is determined to win the race.”
Strong intent or resolve.
Commonly used in motivational or goal-setting contexts.
WILL
How is “WILL” used as a modal verb?
Focus on its predictive function.
“WILL” is used to make predictions about the future.
Example: “Maybe she will come, maybe she won’t.”
Prediction focus.
Often paired with uncertainty markers like “maybe” or “perhaps.”
WOULD
How does “WOULD” relate to “WILL”?
Consider its function in past or hypothetical scenarios.
“WOULD” is the past tense of “WILL” and is used in hypothetical or polite contexts.
Example: “We would be late, so we took a taxi.”
Hypothetical and polite use focus.
Useful in conditional sentences or expressing polite requests.
MUST
What does “MUST” convey?
Focus on obligation intensity.
“MUST” indicates strong obligation, often implying serious consequences for inaction.
Example: “You must do your homework.” “We must not go into that house; it looks dangerous.”
Strong obligation and prohibition.
“MUST NOT” emphasizes prohibition more strongly than “should not.”
BE SUPPOSED TO
How is “BE SUPPOSED TO” used?
Consider its use in expectations or complaints.
“BE SUPPOSED TO” expresses expectations or obligations, often with a conversational tone.
Examples: “I am supposed to do my homework.” “The train has already left. What are we supposed to do now?” “What am I supposed to do with a kid like you?”
Expectation and complaint focus.
More common in informal or conversational English than “MUST.”
HAVE TO / HAS TO
What does “HAVE TO” indicate?
Think about its use in expressing necessity.
“HAVE TO” expresses obligation and follows Present Tense rules with auxiliary verbs.
Examples: “You don’t have to come with me; I can do this alone.” “I don’t have to clean the house; my mother cleans it.” “It doesn’t have to be like that; we can talk about it.”
Obligation focus.
“DO/DOES” is used in questions and negatives in Present Tense.
NEW WORD: Wander
What does “wander” mean?
Consider its use in exploring or moving aimlessly.
“Wander” means to move around without a fixed purpose or direction.
Example: “We can wander around.”
Exploration focus.
Commonly used in travel or casual contexts.
