UDEMY / Advanced Plus Flashcards
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Definition of Past Participles
What are past participles?
Reflect on verb forms.
The third form of verbs used in various tenses and voices.
Examples: go → gone, break → broken.
Vital for perfect tenses, passive voice, and as adjectives.
Helps express completed actions or states.
Use in Present Perfect Tense
How are past participles used in the present perfect tense?
Reflect on recent or past completion.
Describes actions completed in the past with relevance to the present.
Example: “I have done my homework.”
Indicates results or consequences of past actions.
Combines auxiliary “have/has” with the past participle.
Use in Passive Voice
How are past participles used in passive voice?
Reflect on the subject’s passive role.
Used with “to be” to indicate actions done to the subject.
Example: “The task was completed carefully.”
Highlights the action rather than the doer.
Passive voice emphasizes the result of an action.
Use in Past Perfect Tense
How are past participles used in past perfect tense?
Reflect on sequence of past actions.
Describes an action completed before another past action.
Example: “By the time she arrived, he had left.”
Sets chronological order of past events.
Combines auxiliary “had” with the past participle.
Adjectival Role: Before Nouns
How are past participles used as adjectives before nouns?
Reflect on their descriptive function.
Describes qualities or states of nouns when placed before them.
Example: “A broken window” (kırık pencere).
Highlights attributes or conditions of nouns.
Adds specificity to descriptions.
Adjectival Role: After Verbs
How are past participles used as adjectives after verbs?
Reflect on their role as predicative adjectives.
Describes the state of the subject after linking verbs like “be.”
Example: “You are done!”
Shows the result of a condition or action.
These are complements rather than objects.
Common Examples of Past Participles
What are some commonly used past participles as adjectives?
Reflect on frequent usage examples.
Examples include: “eaten food,” “hidden missions,” “motivated team.”
Examples: “The motivated team performed exceptionally well.”
Describes qualities or states derived from actions.
Often found in passive-like structures or standalone descriptions.
Restricted Usage of Past Participles
Can all past participles function as adjectives?
Reflect on their limitations.
Only specific participles can be used as adjectives. Others may sound awkward or nonsensical.
Example: “A gone lover” is valid, but “a been man” is nonsensical.
Depends on idiomatic usage and context.
Use appropriate participles based on standard English conventions.
Uncommon Past Participles as Adjectives
Which past participles are less commonly used as adjectives?
Reflect on examples like gone.
“Gone” is used in specific contexts, while others rarely function as adjectives.
Example: “A gone lover” (idiomatic) but “a brought box” is not standard.
Some participles suit specific phrases or idioms only.
Requires familiarity with usage patterns.
Retired as an Adjective
How is “retired” used as an adjective?
Reflect on its origin from the verb retire.
Describes a state resulting from retiring.
Example: “My father is a retired teacher.”
Commonly used in both formal and casual contexts.
Derived from verbs that indicate life stages or roles.
Familiar Examples of Adjectives
What are common past participles used as adjectives?
Reflect on descriptive examples.
Examples: motivated, trained, bored, written, burnt.
Example: “A motivated man can do anything.”
Commonly expresses results or qualities from actions.
Useful in formal and informal descriptions alike.
Descriptive Function of Participles
What do participles as adjectives describe?
Reflect on their focus on results or states.
Participles describe the result of actions or qualities derived from them.
Example: “Burnt clothes were found near the scene.”
Highlights outcomes, conditions, or attributes.
Adds detail and precision to descriptions.
Practice and Differentiation
Why is practice important for using past participles?
Reflect on idiomatic usage vs. literal meanings.
Ensures understanding of appropriate and idiomatic usage of participles.
Practice distinguishing between “a motivated student” and nonsensical phrases like “a brought boy.”
Sharpens ability to create natural and clear sentences.
Enhances fluency and helps avoid awkward constructions.
Definition of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
What is the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
Reflect on the time frame and action type.
Highlights ongoing actions that began in the past and continue into the present.
Describes duration and incomplete actions. Example: “I have been cleaning the house all day.”
Duration-focused tense used for continuous activities.
Emphasizes the process or length of the action.
Affirmative Sentence Structure
How do you form an affirmative sentence in Present Perfect Continuous?
Focus on the basic structure.
Subject + have/has been + Ving + object.
Example: “I have been studying English for three hours.”
Use “have/has been” based on subject agreement.
Always follow with the present participle (Ving).
Negative Sentence Structure
How do you form a negative sentence in Present Perfect Continuous?
Focus on negation placement.
Subject + have/has not been + Ving + object.
Example: “She hasn’t been cleaning the house all day.”
Adds “not” between “have/has” and “been.”
Maintains continuous focus even in negative statements.
Interrogative Sentence Structure
How do you form a question in Present Perfect Continuous?
Focus on question word order.
Have/has + subject + been + Ving + object?
Example: “Have you been working on your project this morning?”
Inverts “have/has” to the beginning of the sentence.
Used to inquire about ongoing or recent actions.
Key Use: Ongoing Actions
When do we use Present Perfect Continuous for ongoing actions?
Reflect on actions still happening.
To describe activities that started in the past and are ongoing.
Example: “I have been living in Ankara for a long while.”
Indicates actions extending from the past to the present.
Highlights continuous engagement with the action.
Key Use: Focus on Duration
When do we use Present Perfect Continuous for duration?
Reflect on time-focused descriptions.
To emphasize how long an activity has been happening.
Example: “They have been working for five hours.”
Frequently paired with time expressions like “for” or “since.”
Clarifies length of time an action has been ongoing.
Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous
What is the difference between Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous?
Reflect on result vs. process focus.
Present Perfect highlights result; Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the process/duration.
Example 1 (Result): “I have made a cake.” Example 2 (Process): “I have been making a cake.”
Present Perfect: Completed actions. Present Perfect Continuous: Ongoing activities.
Both tenses describe past-to-present relevance, but with different focal points.
Common Time Expressions: “Since”
How do we use “since” in Present Perfect Continuous?
Reflect on pinpointing the start of an action.
Often marks a specific starting point.
Example: “I have been teaching since 2008.”
Emphasizes when the action began.
Requires a clear, specific reference to a time point.
Common Time Expressions: “For”
How do we use “for” in Present Perfect Continuous?
Reflect on the duration of actions.
Indicates the length of time an action has occurred.
Example: “She has been cleaning for two hours.”
Focuses on the ongoing duration of activity.
Pairs well with time spans like hours, days, or years.
Context Without Time Markers
Can Present Perfect Continuous be used without explicit time markers?
Reflect on implied continuity.
Yes, context often implies ongoing action.
Example: “I have been running.”
Relies on surrounding context to establish meaning.
Useful when the emphasis is on the action itself rather than time.
Stative Verbs and Present Perfect
Why are stative verbs not used in Present Perfect Continuous?
Reflect on the nature of stative verbs.
Stative verbs describe states, not ongoing processes.
Example: “I have known her since childhood.” (Not “I have been knowing her.”)
Stative verbs (e.g., know, like) suit Present Perfect.
Focus on ongoing relationships or states rather than actions.
Visible Effects of Short-Term Actions
When do we use Present Perfect Continuous for visible effects?
Reflect on observable results.
Use when the effects of the action are evident.
Example: “Your hands are dirty. Have you been fixing the car?”
Highlights a direct connection between the action and its visible results.
Often used in casual or conversational contexts.
Repetition Over Time
How does Present Perfect Continuous show repeated actions over time?
Reflect on habitual activities.
Indicates ongoing or repeated actions across a timeframe.
Example: “He has been playing basketball for 10 years.”
Useful for describing long-term hobbies or commitments.
Implies continuity or regularity in the action.
Key Difference: Result vs. Process
How do Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous differ?
Reflect on focus and context.
Present Perfect emphasizes result; Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes process or duration.
Example: “I have made a cake” (Result). “I have been making a cake” (Process).
Both can apply in similar contexts but with nuanced meanings.
Often interchangeable in casual conversation, but precise in written English.
Purpose
What is the purpose of Type 3 conditional sentences?
Reflect on hypothetical past scenarios.
Focuses on unreal conditions in the past and their unreal consequences.
Example: “If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.”
Often expresses regret or blame.
Useful for understanding past hypothetical situations.
Structure
How are Type 3 conditional sentences structured?
Reflect on the grammar rules.
If Clause: Past Perfect Tense (had + V3). Main Clause: Perfect Conditional (would have + V3).
Example: “If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.”
Both clauses focus on unrealized past events.
Pay attention to tense accuracy for both clauses.
Hypothetical Situations
What kind of situations do Type 3 conditionals describe?
Reflect on the type of events described.
They describe unreal, hypothetical past situations and their impossible consequences.
Example: “If you had worked harder, you might have succeeded.”
Highlights events that didn’t occur.
Useful for discussing alternative outcomes in the past.
Regret or Blame
How do Type 3 conditionals express regret or blame?
Reflect on tone and intent.
They often convey missed opportunities or reproach for past actions.
Example: “If you hadn’t lied to me, I would have trusted you.”
Commonly used in personal reflections or disputes.
Focus on emphasizing the cause and effect of past events.
Flexible Order
Can the “if clause” appear at the end of the sentence?
Reflect on sentence flexibility.
Yes, the “if clause” can come at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Example: “You wouldn’t have missed the train if you had gone earlier.”
Use a comma when the “if clause” starts the sentence.
Flexible sentence structures allow stylistic variation.
Negative Forms
How can negatives appear in Type 3 conditionals?
Reflect on negating conditions or results.
Either clause, or both, can be negative.
Example: “If you hadn’t lied, I would have trusted you.”
Creates contrast between the hypothetical and reality.
Negative forms enhance clarity of unrealized outcomes.
Practical Application
How can Type 3 conditionals be applied in conversations?
Reflect on real-life contexts.
Used to analyze past situations, express regret, or assign blame.
Example: “If you had called, I wouldn’t have worried.”
Common in reflective or emotional discussions.
Helps develop deeper insights into past events.
Alternative Modals
What alternative modals can be used in Type 3 conditionals instead of “would”?
Reflect on expressing different possibilities.
Includes “might,” “could,” or “may” for varying degrees of possibility or suggestion.
Example: “If I had studied more, I might have passed the test.”
Adds nuance to outcomes or potential scenarios.
Allows flexibility in tone and meaning.
Comparison with Type 2
How does Type 3 differ from Type 2 conditionals?
Reflect on the timeframes described.
Type 2 refers to present or future hypothetical conditions, while Type 3 refers to past ones.
Example: “If you helped me, I would pass the exam” (Type 2). “If you had helped me, I would have passed the exam” (Type 3).
Type 2 describes possibilities; Type 3 focuses on missed opportunities.
Helps clarify tense distinctions.
Why Use Past Perfect?
Why is Past Perfect used in Type 3 conditionals?
Reflect on sequencing of past events.
The condition in the past must occur first for the result to follow.
Example: “If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.”
Emphasizes cause-and-effect in the past.
Essential for expressing accurate timelines in hypothetical scenarios.
Blame and Regret Focus
How do Type 3 conditionals express blame or regret?
Reflect on emotional tone.
Often used to assign responsibility or express lamentation over missed opportunities.
Example: “If you hadn’t lied, I would have trusted you.”
Highlights the emotional context of missed actions.
Useful for reflective or personal discussions.
Examples with Negative Clauses
Can Type 3 conditionals include negative clauses?
Reflect on sentence flexibility.
Yes, negative conditions and results are frequently used.
Example: “If you hadn’t woken up late, we wouldn’t have missed the train.”
Negative clauses add complexity and depth.
Common in expressing regrets or pointing out missed opportunities.
Practice Assignment
What is a good way to practice Type 3 conditionals?
Reflect on creating examples for learning.
Write sentences with various modals and experiment with negative clauses.
Example: “If I had prepared better, I could have done better on the test.”
Encourages active practice and exploration.
Helps solidify understanding of structure and usage.
Practical Application
How are Type 3 conditionals useful in real-life contexts?
Reflect on applicability in communication.
They are helpful for analyzing past situations, expressing regrets, and discussing alternative outcomes.
Example: “If we had taken another route, we might have arrived on time.”
Facilitates thoughtful reflections on past actions.
Encourages critical thinking in evaluating past decisions.
Definition of Transitive Verbs
What are transitive verbs, and how are they identified?
Focus on the need for an object.
Transitive verbs require an object to complete their meaning and answer “what?” or “whom?”
Example: “Tom fixed the car.” (What did Tom fix? The car.)
The object clarifies the action’s target.
Objects are essential for the sentence’s completeness.
Usage Example of Transitive Verbs
Can you provide examples of correct and incorrect transitive verb usage?
Differentiate between complete and incomplete sentences.
Correct: “I cleaned the house.” Incorrect: “I cleaned.”
Correct usage ensures clarity, avoiding ambiguity.
Objects resolve the action’s ambiguity.
Proper object placement avoids incomplete ideas.
Definition of Intransitive Verbs
What are intransitive verbs, and how are they different from transitive verbs?
Reflect on verbs that don’t need an object.
Intransitive verbs do not require an object; the action is self-contained.
Example: “She runs.”
The action stands independently.
Context enriches intransitive sentences without objects.
Misuse of Intransitive Verbs
What happens when you incorrectly add objects to intransitive verbs?
Reflect on incorrect combinations.
Adding objects creates nonsensical meanings. Example: “I wander the dog” (Incorrect).
Correct: “I walk the dog.”
Focus on maintaining grammatical integrity.
Verbs must align with their proper transitivity.
Dual-Usage Verbs
What are dual-usage verbs, and how do they work?
Highlight verbs that can be transitive or intransitive.
Examples: “He drinks water.” (Transitive) “He drinks.” (Intransitive)
Verbs like “drink” or “eat” shift meaning based on context.
Objects specify action; absence implies generality.
Verbs like “drink” often imply alcohol when used intransitively.
Practical Tip
How do you ensure proper transitive and intransitive verb usage?
Focus on asking the right questions.
Ask “what?” or “whom?” for transitive verbs; if the question makes no sense, the verb is likely intransitive.
Example: “Go what?” (Nonsensical) confirms “go” is intransitive.
Clarifies sentence structure and meaning.
Avoids misuse and ensures grammatical correctness.
Common Errors
What are common errors in using transitive and intransitive verbs?
Highlight incomplete or incorrect usage.
Incorrect: “The kid took a bottle of juice and drank.” Correct: “The kid… and drank it.”
Including objects completes meaning; omitting creates ambiguity.
Ensures completeness and clarity in sentences.
Helps learners avoid confusion in verb-object relationships.
Definition of Reflexive Verbs
What are reflexive verbs, and when are they used?
Focus on the subject-object relationship.
Reflexive verbs occur when the subject and object are the same entity.
Example: “I introduced myself to the audience.”
Action reflects back on the subject.
Reflexive verbs emphasize self-directed actions.
Reflexive Pronouns (Singular)
What are the singular reflexive pronouns?
Highlight the pronouns used for singular subjects.
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself.
Example: “He hurt himself while lifting weights.”
Pronouns align with the subject.
Singular forms match individual subjects.
Reflexive Pronouns (Plural)
What are the plural reflexive pronouns?
Highlight the pronouns used for plural subjects.
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Example: “We prepared ourselves for the big presentation.”
Pronouns align with the plural subject.
Plural forms reflect group actions.
Common Reflexive Verbs - Cut
How is “cut” used reflexively?
Reflects accidental or self-directed action.
Example: “I cut myself accidentally while chopping vegetables.”
The reflexive pronoun indicates the action affects the subject.
Self-inflicted actions use reflexive pronouns.
Reflexive verbs highlight self-caused outcomes.
Reflexive Verbs - Teach
How is “teach” used reflexively?
Emphasizes self-learning or skill acquisition.
Example: “I taught myself to play the piano during the lockdown.”
The reflexive pronoun underscores independence in learning.
Reflects on individual initiative.
Reflexive verbs showcase personal achievement.
Plural Reflexive Example
How do reflexive verbs differ when used with plural subjects?
Plural pronouns reflect shared or collective actions.
Example: “They enjoyed themselves at the party after a long week of work.”
Reflexive pronouns clarify shared participation in the action.
Context matters in plural usage.
Plural subjects use appropriate reflexive pronouns.
Complex Reflexive Use - Introduce
Can you use reflexive verbs to emphasize formal or unique introductions?
Demonstrates self-presentation in formal contexts.
Example: “You should introduce yourselves to the new professor.”
Reflects respect or adherence to social norms.
Polished speech benefits from reflexive clarity.
Context dictates appropriate reflexive verb application.
Reflexive Pronouns for Emphasis
How can reflexive pronouns emphasize an idea or vision?
Adds intensity or focus on personal perspective.
Example: “I see myself as a famous doctor in the future.”
Reflexive pronoun enhances the subject’s self-perception or goal.
Used for self-reflection or ambition.
Reflects imagination or visualization.
Reflexive Idiom - “Help Yourself”
What does “Help yourself!” mean in a conversational context?
Indicates permission or encouragement.
Example: “Help yourself to some cookies.”
Means “Feel free to take or use something without hesitation.”
Often used in informal settings.
Implies generosity or open invitation.
Reflexive Idiom - “Behave Yourself”
What does “Behave yourself!” signify?
Expresses a directive for proper behavior.
Example: “Behave yourself in front of the guests!”
Acts as a firm command or reminder to act appropriately.
Commonly used with children or in casual scenarios.
Implies a tone of authority or guidance.
Reflexive in Surprise Situations
How do reflexive verbs convey unexpected events?
Highlights accidental or surprising outcomes.
Example: “I found myself lying on the side of the road.”
Indicates an unforeseen or unplanned scenario involving the subject.
Adds drama or emphasis to the action.
Often paired with verbs like “find” or “discover.”
Reflexive Verbs Adding Nuance
How do reflexive pronouns change verb meanings?
Can make verbs idiomatic or more specific.
Example: “He hurt himself trying to jump the fence.”
Reflexive pronouns clarify who or what the action affects.
Contextual nuance depends on reflexive usage.
Reflexive pronouns adjust verb interpretation.
Emphasis in Formal Scenarios
Why use reflexive verbs in formal or structured conversations?
Adds precision or focus to the subject’s role.
Example: “I prepared myself thoroughly for the conference.”
Highlights readiness or responsibility taken by the subject.
Enhances clarity and professionalism.
Reflexive verbs suit formal and professional contexts.
Idiomatic Reflexive Use
Why are reflexive verbs key for idiomatic expressions?
Makes language natural and conversational.
Example: “I couldn’t stop myself from laughing at the joke.”
Adds color and relatability to English speech patterns.
Commonly used in storytelling or casual interactions.
Improves fluency and conversational ease.
Definition
What is a noun clause?
Functions as a noun in a sentence.
Example: “I know that she is coming.”
A dependent clause that cannot stand alone.
Often acts as the object or subject of a clause.
Adds complexity to sentences.
Use of “That”
How does “that” work in noun clauses?
Adds the meaning of “something is/happened.”
Example: “I know that you are lying.”
“That” introduces the clause but can be omitted.
“That” clauses typically act as the object.
Enhances clarity in the sentence structure.
Question Words
How do question words function in noun clauses?
They add information (who, what, when, etc.).
Example: “I don’t know why he lied.”
The question word introduces the clause and is required.
Cannot omit the question word.
Provides detail about the subject or object.
“That” as Subject
Can “that” clauses act as subjects?
Yes, but rarely.
Example: “That he is late annoys me.”
Places the focus on the clause as the main subject.
Common in formal English.
Adds a unique emphasis to statements.
Object of the Verb
What role does the noun clause usually play?
Acts as the object in most sentences.
Example: “She believes (that) he will come.”
The clause answers “what” or “who” about the main verb.
A frequent role for noun clauses.
Makes sentences more complex and precise.
Embedded Questions
How are embedded questions formed in noun clauses?
Use of question words without question structure.
Example: “Do you know where she is?”
The clause retains the question word but follows normal word order.
Makes indirect questions.
Common in polite speech or formal writing.
Subject-Verb Agreement
How does the verb agree with a noun clause subject?
The main verb agrees with the whole clause.
Example: “What he says makes sense.”
The clause acts as a singular subject.
Important for grammatical accuracy.
Maintains sentence balance and correctness.
Use of “Whether/If”
How do “whether” and “if” function in noun clauses?
Indicate uncertainty or possibilities.
Example: “I don’t know if he will come.”
Introduce noun clauses with uncertainty.
“Whether” is formal; “if” is informal.
Use “whether” with “or not.”
Formality of “Whether”
When should you prefer “whether” over “if”?
“Whether” is more formal and clear in writing.
Example: “She hasn’t decided whether to stay or leave.”
Use in formal writing or paired with “or not.”
“Whether” enhances precision.
More versatile than “if.”
Subject Usage
Can noun clauses act as the subject?
Yes, they describe unknowns or possibilities.
Example: “Whether they arrive on time is unknown.”
Often introduces complex subjects in formal contexts.
Adds depth to sentences.
Clarifies the topic of discussion.
Omission of “That”
Is “that” optional in noun clauses?
Yes, but it is recommended for clarity in formal writing.
Example: “I believe (that) he is right.”
Retain “that” in formal contexts to avoid ambiguity.
Optional in informal speech.
Consistency helps maintain sentence flow.
Error to Avoid
What common mistake occurs with noun clauses?
Avoid inverted question structures within clauses.
Example: “I don’t know what I will do.”
Avoid: “I don’t know what will I do.”
Use normal clause order, not question inversion.
Ensures correct syntax.
Sentence Structure Tips
How can noun clauses improve sentence clarity?
Embed information using “that,” question words, or “whether.”
Example: “She is unsure whether she should accept or not.”
Add precise meaning without excessive detail.
Creates balanced sentences.
Reduces redundancy.
Practice Suggestions
How to master noun clauses?
Rewrite sentences using noun clauses.
Example: “I wonder if they are coming.”
Practice with “that,” question words, and “whether/if.”
Enhances fluency and grammatical accuracy.
Strengthens comprehension in reading/writing.
“Used to” Meaning
What does “used to” describe?
Past habits or states no longer true.
Example: “I used to play football every day.”
Refers to past situations or repeated actions.
Habit or fact that has changed over time.
No adaptation or familiarity implied.
