Private Lesson - General 1 (26.11.24) Flashcards

Demba's Lessons

1
Q

Past Actions

What ecosystem were you using 2 years ago?

Refer to “Microsoft or Android.”

Mistakes corrected.

A

2 years ago, I was using Microsoft and Android ecosystem.

Demonstrates past habits.

Correct use of past tense.

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2
Q

Vocabulary

Define “emancipation proclamation.”

Historical term

Related to freedom.

A

A formal announcement declaring the emancipation of slaves.

Associated with historical events.

Commonly refers to the U.S. Civil War era.

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3
Q

Shopping Context

Provide an example of discussing clothing size.

Small talk during shopping.

Related to online or physical stores.

A

Example: “This size is too small for me. Do you have a larger one?”

Discusses preferences or adjustments.

Useful for shopping scenarios.

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4
Q

Vocabulary

What does “emancipation” mean?

Noun

Often used in historical contexts.

A

Emancipation means the act of freeing someone from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation. Example: “The emancipation of slaves was a pivotal moment in history.”

Synonym: liberation, freedom.

Related to “Emancipation Proclamation.”

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5
Q

Vocabulary

Define “proclamation.”

Noun

Formal declaration.

A

Proclamation is an official announcement, especially one dealing with a matter of great importance. Example: “The government issued a proclamation declaring a state of emergency.”

Synonym: declaration, announcement.

Often issued by authorities or governments.

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6
Q

Phrasal Verb

What does “phase out” mean?

Verb (phrasal verb)

Used in business/technology contexts.

A

To phase out means to gradually stop using or providing something. Example: “The company decided to phase out the old model of the phone.”

Opposite: phase in (to introduce gradually).

Indicates a planned discontinuation.

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7
Q

Idiom

What does “did me dirty” mean?

Informal idiom

Slang expression.

A

Did me dirty” means to treat someone unfairly or deceitfully. Example: “I trusted him, but he did me dirty by spreading rumors.

Synonym: betrayed, wronged.

Use cautiously; informal context.

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8
Q

Used To: Affirmative

How do you form an affirmative sentence with “used to”?

Rule: Subject + used to + verb

Indicates past habits.

A

Example: “I used to smoke cigarettes when I was 18.”

Describes habits or routines in the past.

Implies a contrast with the present.

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9
Q

Used To: Negative

How do you form a negative sentence with “used to”?

Rule: Subject + didn’t use to + verb

Indicates habits not done in the past.

A

Example: “I didn’t use to eat vegetables as a child.”

Emphasizes a lack of a past habit or routine.

Always uses the base form of the verb.

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10
Q

Used To: Questions

How do you form a question with “used to”?

Rule: Did + subject + use to + verb?

Asks about past habits or routines.

A

Example: “Did you use to play football at university?”

Can be used for any subject pronoun.

Common in casual conversations.

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11
Q

Used To: Contrast

What does “used to” imply about the present?

Contrasts with current habits or states.

Highlights change.

A

Example: “I used to live in London, but now I live in Istanbul.”

Shows a difference between past and present.

Often used to describe personal history.

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12
Q

Used To: Pronunciation

How is “used to” pronounced in connected speech?

Sounds like “youst to”

Informal speech tip.

A

In spoken English, “used to” often blends into “yousta.” Example: “I yousta work there.”

Common in fast, casual speech.

Informal but widely understood.

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13
Q

Vocabulary

Define “relentless.”

Adjective

Describes persistent actions.

A

Relentless means oppressively constant; incessant. Example: “The relentless rain kept us indoors all day.”

Synonym: unyielding, persistent.

Can have positive or negative connotations.

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14
Q

Vocabulary

What does “fluctuations” mean?

Noun (plural)

Often used in economics/science.

A

Fluctuations are irregular rising and falling in number or amount; variations. Example: “The stock market fluctuations make investing risky.”

Synonym: variations, changes.

Opposite: stability.

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15
Q

Vocabulary

Define “settle down.”

Phrasal verb

Relates to lifestyle changes.

A

To settle down means to begin to live a quieter life by getting married or staying permanently in a place. Example: “They decided to settle down and start a family.”

Implies long-term commitment.

Also used to mean calming down.

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16
Q

Vocabulary

What is a “scam,” and who is a “scammer”?

Noun (scam); Noun (scammer)

Related to fraud and deceit.

A

A scam is a dishonest scheme or fraud. A scammer is a person who commits scams. Example: “She lost money in an online scam by a scammer.”

Common in contexts of financial fraud.

Warns against deceitful practices.

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17
Q

Vocabulary

Define “postpone.”

Verb

To delay something.

A

To postpone means to arrange for something to take place at a later time. Example: “They postponed the meeting until next week.”

Synonym: defer, delay.

Often used in formal contexts.

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18
Q

Vocabulary

What does “found a company” mean?

Verb phrase

Business terminology.

A

To found a company means to establish or start a new business or organization. Example: “She plans to found a tech startup.”

Founding refers to initial establishment.

Not to be confused with “find.”

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19
Q

Phrasal Verb

What does “warm up” mean in a fitness context?

Verb (phrasal verb)

Exercise terminology.

A

To warm up means to prepare for physical exertion by exercising gently beforehand. Example: “I always warm up before running.”

Important for preventing injuries.

Also used metaphorically.

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20
Q

Reflexive Pronouns: Basics

What are reflexive pronouns?

Examples: myself, yourself, themselves.

Subject = Object.

A

Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same. Example: “I cut myself.”

Adds emphasis or shows independence.

Commonly used for emphasis or accident.

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21
Q

Reflexive Pronouns: Politeness

How are reflexive pronouns used in formal speech?

Polite phrases: How about yourself?

Friendly or polite tone.

A

Example: “Help yourself out. Make yourself at home.”

Used to show hospitality.

Common in social settings.

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22
Q

Reflexive Pronouns: Emphasis

What does “I locked the door myself” mean?

Implies personal effort or emphasis.

Often emphasizes independence.

A

It means “I did it personally.” Example: “I built this house myself.”

Stresses the speaker’s role in the action.

Used to avoid ambiguity.

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23
Q

Reflexive Pronouns: Common Errors

What is a common mistake with reflexive pronouns?

Using “hisself” instead of “himself.”

Informal usage error.

A

Always use correct forms like “himself” and “themselves.” Example: “He taught himself English.”

Avoids incorrect forms in formal settings.

Common in casual, incorrect speech.

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24
Q

Reflexive Pronouns: Non-standard

When do reflexive pronouns replace regular pronouns incorrectly?

In informal speech or writing.

Reflects poor grammar.

A

Example: Incorrect: “John and myself went shopping.” Correct: “John and I went shopping.”

Reflexive pronouns cannot replace subjects.

Use only when subject = object.

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25
# Vocabulary Define "consciously" and "unconsciously." | Adverbs ## Footnote Relate to awareness levels.
Consciously means with awareness of one's actions. Unconsciously means without realizing or being aware. Example: "She consciously avoided sugar." | Antonyms highlighting awareness. ## Footnote Derived from "conscious" and "unconscious."
26
# Vocabulary What does "courageous" mean, and how does it relate to "brave"? | Adjective ## Footnote Describes a person's character.
Courageous means not deterred by danger; brave. Example: "The courageous firefighter saved lives." Brave is a synonym. | Noun forms: courage, bravery. ## Footnote Positive connotation.
27
# Vocabulary Define "dense" and "fruitful" in the context of information. | Adjectives ## Footnote Describe content quality.
Dense means containing a lot of information with little space between parts. Fruitful means producing good results. Example: "The lecture was dense but fruitful." | Dense implies complexity; fruitful implies productivity. ## Footnote Often used in academic contexts.
28
# Expression What does "looking forward to it" mean? | Phrase ## Footnote Expresses anticipation.
Looking forward to it" means to be excited or eager for something to happen. Example: "I'm looking forward to the concert. | Common in letters and conversations. ## Footnote Polite way to express excitement.
29
# Phrasal Verb Explain the difference between "try on" and "try out." | "Try on" for clothes; "try out" for experiences. ## Footnote Phrasal verbs with "try."
Try on" means to put on clothing to see if it fits. "Try out" means to test something new. Example: "Try on the jacket. Let's try out the new cafe. | Important distinction in usage. ## Footnote Common in shopping and activities.
30
# Idiom What does "gain back the weight" imply? | Related to weight loss/gain. ## Footnote Health and fitness context.
Gain back the weight" means to regain weight that was previously lost. Example: "After the diet, he quickly gained back the weight. | Suggests a reversal of progress. ## Footnote Highlights challenges in weight management.
31
# Expression What does "I never lose; I always win" convey? | Confidence or determination. ## Footnote Positive affirmation.
This expression conveys strong self-belief and determination to succeed. Example: "With that attitude, he says, 'I never lose; I always win.'" | Can be seen as motivational. ## Footnote Sometimes used humorously.
32
# Vocabulary Define "binge-watch." | Verb (informal) ## Footnote Media consumption context.
To binge-watch means to watch multiple episodes of a TV show in rapid succession. Example: "We binge-watched the entire series over the weekend." | Reflects modern viewing habits. ## Footnote Related to "binge-eating."
33
# Phrasal Verb What does "make up" mean in different contexts? | Multiple meanings depending on context. ## Footnote Phrasal verb with varied uses.
Make up" can mean to invent (a story), to reconcile, or to compose. Example: "She made up an excuse. They made up after the argument. | Context determines meaning. ## Footnote Common in everyday English.
34
# Conditional Type Zero What is Conditional Type Zero used for? | General facts or truths. ## Footnote Rule: If + simple present, simple present.
Example: "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils." | Used for science or universal truths. ## Footnote Always uses the simple present tense.
35
# Conditional Type One What is Conditional Type One used for? | Real possibilities in present/future. ## Footnote Rule: If + simple present, future/modal.
Example: "If you are hungry, order some pizza." | Often discusses advice or predictions. ## Footnote Frequently used in daily conversation.
36
# Conditional Type Two What is Conditional Type Two used for? | Unreal or imaginary situations. ## Footnote Rule: If + past simple, would + verb.
Example: "If I found a job in Istanbul, I wouldn't move to another city." | Explains hypothetical present/future actions. ## Footnote Helps imagine alternative realities.
37
# Conditional Type Three What is Conditional Type Three used for? | Unreal past situations/regrets. ## Footnote Rule: If + past perfect, would + have + V3.
Example: "If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam." | Reflects regrets or missed opportunities. ## Footnote Refers only to past events.
38
# Mixed Conditionals What are mixed conditionals? | Combine past and present scenarios. ## Footnote Often hypothetical.
Example: "If I had studied more, I would be a lawyer now." | Connects unreal past to present consequences. ## Footnote Useful for complex hypothetical situations.
39
# Vocabulary Define "partake." | Verb (formal) ## Footnote Means to participate.
To partake means to join in an activity or consume something. Example: "He was happy to partake in the festivities." | Synonym: participate, share. ## Footnote Formal or literary usage.
40
# Vocabulary What are "tactics" and how do they relate to "tips & tricks"? | Noun ## Footnote Strategy and advice context.
Tactics are carefully planned actions to achieve a specific end. Tips & tricks are helpful hints. Example: "She shared tactics for effective studying." | Tactics are strategic; tips are helpful hints. ## Footnote Useful in learning and coaching contexts.
41
# Expression Explain "prevent someone from doing something." | Structure: prevent + object + from + gerund. ## Footnote Indicates obstruction.
Means to stop someone from doing something. Example: "My father prevented me from playing video games." | Often used to express protective actions. ## Footnote Can imply authority or control.
42
# Vocabulary Define "founder" in a business context. | Noun ## Footnote Related to "found a company."
A founder is a person who establishes an institution or settlement. Example: "She is the founder of the non-profit organization." | Not to be confused with "fund." ## Footnote Holds significant responsibility.
43
# Vocabulary What does "cashier" refer to in a retail context? | Noun ## Footnote Role in a store or shop.
A cashier is a person handling payments and receipts in a store, bank, or other business. Example: "I paid the cashier for my groceries." | Frontline staff in retail settings. ## Footnote May also handle customer service tasks.
44
# Vocabulary Define "postpone" and use it in a sentence. | Verb ## Footnote To delay an event.
To postpone means to delay or reschedule something for a later time. Example: "The concert was postponed due to bad weather." | Synonym: defer, reschedule. ## Footnote Common in formal announcements.
45
# Vocabulary What does "unconsciously" mean, and how does it differ from "subconsciously"? | Adverbs ## Footnote Levels of awareness.
Unconsciously means without awareness or intention. Subconsciously refers to mental processes not fully perceived. Example: "She unconsciously tapped her foot." | Unconscious actions are without thought. ## Footnote Subconscious involves deeper mental layers.
46
# Idiom Explain the expression "If you don't know what you want, at least know what you don't want." | Advice on decision-making. ## Footnote Encourages self-awareness.
This means that understanding what you dislike can help guide you toward what you might like. Example: "He wasn't sure about his career path but followed the advice: 'If you don't know what you want, at least know what you don't want.'" | Emphasizes elimination to make choices. ## Footnote Useful in personal development contexts.
47
# Gerund: Definition What is a gerund? | Verb + ing used as a noun. ## Footnote Common with certain verbs.
Example: "Swimming is my favorite hobby." | Often acts as the subject or object. ## Footnote Avoids ambiguity in expressions.
48
# Infinitive: Definition What is a full infinitive? | Verb structure: to + base form. ## Footnote Used to express purpose or intention.
Example: "I went to the store to buy clothes." | Certain verbs like "want" require infinitives. ## Footnote Indicates future or purpose.
49
# Gerund: Usage Which verbs require a gerund? | Examples: enjoy, avoid, hate. ## Footnote Expresses habits, likes, or dislikes.
Example: "I enjoy reading. I hate waking up early." | Common in casual and formal contexts. ## Footnote Gerund acts as the object of the verb.
50
# Infinitive: After Modals When do we use a bare infinitive? | After modal verbs: can, should, will. ## Footnote Simplifies verb phrases.
Example: "I can swim. You should study." | Does not include "to" before the verb. ## Footnote Modal verbs always use bare infinitives.
51
# Gerund vs. Infinitive How do you decide between a gerund and an infinitive? | Some verbs accept both forms. ## Footnote Meaning may change with form.
Example: "I stopped smoking (quit). I stopped to smoke (paused to smoke)." | Some verbs take both but with different meanings. ## Footnote Context determines the choice.
52
# Vocabulary Define "characterize" and use it in a sentence. | Verb ## Footnote To describe distinctive features.
To characterize means to describe the distinctive nature of something. Example: "The report characterizes the economic trends of the decade." | Synonym: depict, portray. ## Footnote Used in analysis and descriptions.
53
# Vocabulary What does "fruitful" mean in the context of results? | Adjective ## Footnote Indicates productivity.
Fruitful means producing good or helpful results; productive. Example: "They had a fruitful discussion about the project." | Opposite: unproductive, fruitless. ## Footnote Positive connotation.
54
# Phrasal Verb What does "wake up" mean, and how can it be used figuratively? | Verb (phrasal verb) ## Footnote Literal and figurative uses.
To wake up means to stop sleeping. Figuratively, it means to become aware of something. Example: "She needs to wake up to the reality of the situation." | Encourages awareness or action. ## Footnote Common in motivational contexts.
55
# Vocabulary Define "reflection" in both physical and abstract contexts. | Noun ## Footnote Related to mirrors and thinking.
Reflection physically is the throwing back of light. Abstractly, it's serious thought. Example: "She saw her reflection in the mirror." "Reflection on his actions led to growth." | Encourages introspection. ## Footnote Important in learning processes.
56
# Vocabulary What does "curse" mean as a verb? | Verb ## Footnote Expressing anger or wishing harm.
To curse means to use offensive words or to invoke harm upon someone. Example: "He cursed under his breath when he lost his keys." | Considered impolite; use cautiously. ## Footnote Also used in storytelling.
57
# Vocabulary Define "conscious" and "consciousness." | Adjective (conscious); Noun (consciousness) ## Footnote Related to awareness.
Conscious means aware of and responding to one's surroundings. Consciousness is the state of being awake and aware. Example: "She was conscious during the procedure." | Opposite: unconscious. ## Footnote Central concepts in psychology.
58
# Expression What does "tips and tricks" refer to? | Informal expression ## Footnote Helpful advice.
Tips and tricks" are helpful hints or clever methods to accomplish something more easily. Example: "She shared tips and tricks for efficient studying. | Common in tutorials and guides. ## Footnote Encourages skill development.
59
# Phrasal Verb Explain "make it" in the context of success. | Verb (phrasal verb) ## Footnote Achieving success.
To make it means to succeed or reach a goal. Example: "After years of hard work, he finally made it as an actor." | Implies significant effort. ## Footnote Often used in motivational contexts.
60
# Gerund: Definition What is a gerund? | Verb + ing used as a noun. ## Footnote Common with certain verbs.
Example: "Swimming is my favorite hobby." | Often acts as the subject or object. ## Footnote Avoids ambiguity in expressions.
61
# Infinitive: Definition What is a full infinitive? | Verb structure: to + base form. ## Footnote Used to express purpose or intention.
Example: "I went to the store to buy clothes." | Certain verbs like "want" require infinitives. ## Footnote Indicates future or purpose.
62
# Gerund: Usage Which verbs require a gerund? | Examples: enjoy, avoid, hate. ## Footnote Expresses habits, likes, or dislikes.
Example: "I enjoy reading. I hate waking up early." | Common in casual and formal contexts. ## Footnote Gerund acts as the object of the verb.
63
# Infinitive: After Modals When do we use a bare infinitive? | After modal verbs: can, should, will. ## Footnote Simplifies verb phrases.
Example: "I can swim. You should study." | Does not include "to" before the verb. ## Footnote Modal verbs always use bare infinitives.
64
# Gerund vs. Infinitive How do you decide between a gerund and an infinitive? | Some verbs accept both forms. ## Footnote Meaning may change with form.
Example: "I stopped smoking (quit). I stopped to smoke (paused to smoke)." | Some verbs take both but with different meanings. ## Footnote Context determines the choice.
65
# FOR THE LAST/PAST X YEARS How is "for the last/past X years" used? | Focus on actions or states continuing into the present. ## Footnote Indicates actions or states that started in the past and continue to the present.
Example: "I haven't visited any museum for the past 5 years." | Continuity focus. ## Footnote Often used with Present Perfect tense.
66
# FOR THE LAST/PAST X YEARS Example 1 What tense is used with "for 2 years now"? | Consider how the action relates to the present. ## Footnote Present Perfect Continuous shows an ongoing action.
Example: "My grandma has been flying with Angel in heaven for 2 years now." | Ongoing state focus. ## Footnote Used to describe continuous actions or states up to the present.
67
# FOR THE LAST/PAST X YEARS Example 2 What tense is used when referring to a past action completed before another event? | Look at past-perfect structures. ## Footnote Past Perfect Continuous shows a duration leading up to a specific point in the past.
Example: "My grandma had been flying with Angel in heaven for 2 years when my daughter was born." | Past action focus. ## Footnote Used to describe an action's duration before another past event.
68
# TIME EXPRESSIONS (Ago) How is "5 years ago" used? | Think about specific points in the past. ## Footnote "Ago" refers to a specific time in the past from now.
Examples: "I visited Erzurum 5 years ago." "His grandma went to heaven 5 years ago." | Specific past action focus. ## Footnote Commonly used with Past Simple tense.
69
# TIME EXPRESSIONS (Years Ago) How is "16 years ago" used? | Relate it to a past event or moment. ## Footnote "16 years ago" specifies a point in the past.
Examples: "We met 16 years ago." "We met in 2008." "We met when we were young." | Past event focus. ## Footnote "Ago" situates the event as relative to the present moment.
70
# FOR X YEARS How do we use "for X years" in the present? | Think about ongoing relationships or states. ## Footnote "For X years" highlights duration continuing into the present.
Example: "We have been friends for 16 years." | Friendship or state focus. ## Footnote Commonly used with Present Perfect Continuous tense.
71
# Quran's Journey How is the Quran's journey described? | Focus on historical and cultural significance. ## Footnote The sentence highlights the Quran's role in different cities historically.
Example: "The Quran was revealed in Mecca, read in Cairo, and written in Istanbul." | Historical significance focus. ## Footnote Represents the cultural impact of the Quran in different regions.
72
# DAILY BASIS TIPS How can you storm your brain with English? | Think about active practice techniques. ## Footnote Engaging with English daily can enhance sentence construction and fluency.
Tip: "Storm your brain with English" by practicing sentence construction and giving self-feedback. | Practice focus. ## Footnote Use the "KIS" (Keep It Simple) principle and try DIY (Do It Yourself) exercises.
73
# FROM THE GROUND UP What does "from the ground up" mean? | Consider its use in building or creating something. ## Footnote "From the ground up" means starting from scratch or the very beginning.
Example: "They are building everything from the ground up." "They are starting from scratch." | Building focus. ## Footnote Often used in projects, construction, or organizational setups.
74
# STATE What does "state" mean in a political context? | Focus on its governmental meaning. ## Footnote "State" refers to government or administrative structures.
Example: "The state provides education and healthcare." | Government focus. ## Footnote Common in formal discussions of governance or administration.
75
# CHEAP LABOR What does "cheap labor" mean? | Consider its use in economic or employment contexts. ## Footnote "Cheap labor" refers to workers who are paid low wages for their work.
Example: "The company relies on cheap labor to cut costs." | Economic focus. ## Footnote Often discussed in the context of manufacturing or globalization.
76
# WHITE COLLAR What does "white collar" refer to? | Consider its workplace connotation. ## Footnote "White collar" refers to professional or office-based workers, typically non-manual jobs.
Example: "White-collar workers usually work in offices." | Professional worker focus. ## Footnote Contrasts with "blue-collar," which refers to manual or industrial workers.
77
# CRACK THE CODE What does "I cracked the code" mean? | Focus on its metaphorical usage. ## Footnote "I cracked the code" means solving a difficult problem or understanding something complex.
Example: "After weeks of study, I cracked the code of grammar rules." | Problem-solving focus. ## Footnote Often used to describe achievement in learning or understanding something challenging.
78
# PRESENT PROGRESSIVE A How is Present Progressive used for actions in progress? | Focus on actions happening now. ## Footnote Present Progressive is used for actions occurring at the moment of speaking.
Examples: "I am calling my mum." "I am giving an example." | Ongoing action focus. ## Footnote Common time expressions: "right now," "at the moment."
79
# PRESENT PROGRESSIVE B How is Present Progressive used for temporary situations? | Consider short-term events or arrangements. ## Footnote Present Progressive describes temporary actions or states.
Example: "I am staying in my friend’s house for 2 days." | Temporary situation focus. ## Footnote Indicates situations that are not permanent or habitual.
80
# PRESENT PROGRESSIVE C How is Present Progressive used for future plans? | Reflect on its use for scheduled or planned actions. ## Footnote Present Progressive can express fixed future arrangements.
Example: "I am going to London on Saturday." | Future plan focus. ## Footnote Often accompanied by time expressions like "on Saturday" or "next week."
81
# PAST PROGRESSIVE A How is Past Progressive used for actions in progress in the past? | Focus on actions that took time to complete. ## Footnote Past Progressive describes actions that were ongoing at a particular time in the past.
Examples: "Yesterday, when my daughter cried, I was watching The Office." "When I was going to work, I saw two men fighting." | Ongoing past action focus. ## Footnote Often paired with time clauses (e.g., "when my daughter cried").
82
# PAST PROGRESSIVE B How is Past Progressive used for setting a scene? | Consider its descriptive function. ## Footnote Past Progressive is used to describe background actions or ongoing situations.
Example: "King John wasn’t being appreciated by the peasants." | Background setting focus. ## Footnote Commonly used in storytelling to set the stage for other events.