U4 AOS3

Question 1

Process of experimenting

Answer 1

Research question
Identify population
Scientific merit
Aim
Prediction

Question 2

Aim

Answer 2

Purpose of the study (to test the affect of A and B)

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

Testable prediction that identifies the population, identifies experimental conditions (IV) and outcome (DV)

Question 4

Representative sample

Answer 4

Spot on sample

• adequate size
• bias and error free
• takes into account characteristics
• proportionate to sample

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

Group of interest from which sample is drawn

Question 6

Sample

Answer 6

Subset of population used as participants in research

Question 7

Control group

Answer 7

Used as basis of comparison not exposed to IV

Question 8

Experimental Group

Answer 8

Exposed to IV to demonstrate its effects

Question 9

IV

Answer 9

Manipulated by experimenter

Question 10

DV

Answer 10

Measured to test effects of IV

Question 11

EV

Answer 11

Has an unwanted effect on the results and hence alters DV

Question 12

Confounding Variable

Answer 12

Variable other than IV that has a systematic effect on DV and leads to no conclusions

Question 13

Operationalising

Answer 13

Putting IV and DV in terms of how the variables are measured and manipulated (more details)

Question 14

Experiment

Answer 14

Measure a cause and effect relationship between two variables

Question 15

Objective v Subjective

Answer 15

Can be directing observed or measured
Vs
Relies on the personal experience or self report

Question 16

Primary vs Secondary Data

Answer 16

Sourced for the purpose of addressing the research question
Vs
Sourced through someone else’s research, indicates trends and patterns

Question 17

Qualitative vs quantitative data

Answer 17

Descriptions, opinions, arguments, comments
Vs
Easily measured, numerical, categorical

Question 18

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 18

Mathematical calculations that describe, organise, and summarise the data (mean median mode)

Question 19

Range and Standard Deviation

Answer 19

Difference between highest and lowest score in a distribution

Measures of the spread around the mean

Question 20

Inferential Statistics

Answer 20

Mathematical calculations that makes inferences from the data, judgments and conclusions

Question 21

Single blind vs double blind procedures

Answer 21

Participants unaware whether they are in control or exp group
Vs
Both experimenter and participants unaware of in control or experimental

Question 22

Validity vs Reliability

Answer 22

Extent to which an experiment measures what it is designed to measure
Vs
extent to which a experiment produces consistent results under similar conditions

Question 23

Conclusion

Answer 23

A statement that discusses the results of the experiment
Addresses aim/hypothesis
Fine to say no conclusions
Can only be made if statistics is authentic
Statistics must be significant and free from CVs

Question 24

Generalisation

Answer 24

Relates findings to wider population

Question 25

Sampling methods

Answer 25

Convenience Random Stratified sampling

Question 26

Convenience Sampling

Answer 26

Sample is selected in the quickest and easiest possible way - Adv: very quick and easy - Dis: Not representative

Question 27

Random Sampling

Answer 27

Every member of the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected in the sample - Adv: Free from bias, quick and easy - Dis: May not be representative

Question 28

Stratified Sampling

Answer 28

Break the population into groups based on certain characteristics and select participants from each group in the same proportion they appear in the population - Adv: More representative of population - Dis: Time consuming

Question 29

Research Designs

Answer 29

``` Random Allocation/ Independent Groups Design Matched Participants Design Repeated Measures Design Cross Sectional Study Longitudinal Study ```

Question 30

Random Allocation or Repeated Measures Design

Answer 30

When every member of the sample has an equal chance of being in either the control or experimental group - Adv: cost and time efficient - Dis: may have individual participant differences

Question 31

Matched participants design

Answer 31

Each member of the sample is paired based on a particular characteristic, then randomly allocated to either experimental or control group - Adv: Few individual differences - Dis: Time consuming and pre test involved

Question 32

Repeated Measures Design

Answer 32

Each member of the sample is involved in both control and experimental group - Adv: Few individual participant differences - Dis: Order effects

Question 33

Cross Sectional vs Longitudinal Studies

Answer 33

Collects data at one point in time Vs Collect data from the individual over long periods of time

Question 34

Order effect

Answer 34

An EV when the sequence of two conditions impacts on the DV

Question 35

Counterbalancing

Answer 35

Half the participants are exposed to the control then experimental, and the other half is exposed to the experimental then control - eliminates order effects

Question 36

Investigation Types

Answer 36

Case Studies- single person or event without comparison group Observational Studies Self Report, questionnaires, surveys

Question 37

Ethics

Answer 37

Role of experimenter: no physical or psychological harm, must be worthwhile Rights of participants: voluntary participation, informed consent, debriefing, deception, withdrawal rights, confidentiality