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Psychology > U3 AOS1 > Flashcards

U3 AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central NS

A

Receives information from peripheral nervous system, processes and then responds
Brain and spinal

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2
Q

Peripheral NS

A

Complete network of neutrons outside of the CNS

consist of glands, organs and muscles, carries messages to and from the CNS

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3
Q

Somatic NS

A

Network of neutrons within body that transmit information from the receptor sites on the sense organs to the CNS and carries information from CNS to muscles to control movement

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4
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Transmit motor messages from the brain to the body’s internal organs and glands resulting in their involuntary activity
Operates independently of the brain

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5
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Alter the activity levels of internal muscles, organs and glands to physically prepare our body for increased activity during high physical arousal

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6
Q

Fight Flight Freeze

A

Involuntary reaction resulting in a state of physiological readiness to deal with an acute stressor or immediate threat

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7
Q

Conscious Response

A

Voluntary, controlled by the cognitive processes of the brain

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8
Q

Unconscious Response

A

Involuntary (stomach contractions)

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9
Q

Spinal Reflex

A
  • automatic process initiated by inter neurons in spinal cord rather than brain
  • sensory message intercepted and split at spinal cord
  • motor response generated and sent back to sensory site resulting in rapid response
  • sensory message continues to brain and hence pain/effects noticeable only after reaction
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10
Q

Neuron

A

Basic building blocks of nervous system, specialised to communicate information around the body
Motor, inter and sensory

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other cells

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12
Q

Soma

A

Cells life and support centre

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Processes incoming information

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

White fatty coating that covers axon of some neutrons to help speed up neural impulses and prevents interference with other neurons

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15
Q

Axon

A

Passes impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons

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16
Q

Terminal buttons/Axon Terminal

A

Form a junction with other cells
Initiates communication between two neurons across synapse
Release neurotransmitters to convey message to next Neuron

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17
Q

Neural communication

A

Is an electro chemicals process
Electrical when travelling along axon
Chemical at axon terminal through neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Neural communication in depth

A
  • Axon potential reaches tip axon terminal pre syn Neuron, neurotransmitters released synaptic gap
  • neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles, action potential reaches axon terminal, vesicles move to membrane surface, release
  • neurotransmitters carry chemical message across synapse to post syn neuron receptor sites
  • receptor sites work in lock and key process
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19
Q

Lock and key process

A

Only the neurotransmitters that are the right chemical shape to fit into the receptors on the post synaptic neurons dendrites will be admitted into that Neuron

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20
Q

Excitatory effect

A

Increases the likelihood of the post synaptic Neuron firing (trigger an action potential)
Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter

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21
Q

Inhibitory effects

A

Decreases the likelihood of the post synaptic Neuron firing (triggering an action potential)
GABA (gama amino butyric acid) is the major inhibitory Neuron of the brain

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22
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Progressive neurodegenerative disease
  • neurons of substantia Nigra begin degenerating
  • substantia Nigra is located within the basal ganglia
  • basal ganglia works with motor cortex to control voluntary movement, ensuring it is smooth and coordinated
  • neurons of substantia Nigra responsible for release of dopamine
  • dopamine is a neurotransmitter controlling motor information
  • degeneration of neurons in SN results in less dopamine
  • less dopamine results in nerves tending to fire in an uncontrollable manner, leading to difficulty controlling movement
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23
Q

Parkinson’s motor symptoms

A 
Bradykinesia: slowness of vol movement
Akinesia: lack of voluntary movement 
Abnormal posture
Reduced coordination and balance
Tremors
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24
Q

Non motor symptoms of Parkinson’s

A 
Anosmia: decrease or loss of smell
Sleep disturbance and fatigue
Dementia
Anxiety and depression 
Cognitive side effects: impaired memory, thinking slowness
25
Q

Stressor

A 
Any stimulus that produces stress
Physical: temperature
Psychological: break up
Internal: within the body (thoughts)
External: outside the body (environment)
26
Q

Stress

A

A state of psychological and physiological arousal/tension
Produced by internal and external forces
Perceived to challenge or exceed a persons ability/resources to cope

27
Q

Eustress

A

Positive psychological response to a stressor, when stress is beneficial or desirable
Feeling: enthusiastic, motivated, excited

28
Q

Distress

A

Negative psychological response to a stressor, when stress is undesirable
Feeling: angry, nervous, anxious

29
Q

Types of stressors

A 
Daily pressure
Life events
Acculturative
Major
Catastrophe
30
Q

Daily pressure

A

Irritating, frustrating, distressing demands that typically characterise everyday transactions with the environment
(Homework)

31
Q

Life events

A

Often involves changes and strain and create demands to which people must adjust
(Giving birth)

32
Q

Acculturative

A

Stress people experience in trying to adapt to a new culture
(Migration)

33
Q

Major

A

An event that is extraordinarily stressful or disturbing for almost everyone who experiences it
(Death)

34
Q

Catastrophe

A

Sudden, unpredictable, large scale events that nearly everyone appraises as threatening
(Natural disaster)

35
Q

Freeze Response

A

Staying still or silent to avoid detection

  • muscles don’t function properly, known as tonic immobility
  • enhances survival by avoiding detection till an opportunity to escape arises
  • proposed that both sympathetic and parasympathetic are both in high state of arousal
36
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Stress hormone, energises body, increasing energy supply and enhancing metabolism in long term
  • produced in adrenal glands, act upon liver to secrete glucose into blood for muscles to use as energy
  • Has anti inflammatory effect by blocking activity of white blood cells that contribute to inflammation
  • suppresses immune system (immunosuppresant) activity to divert energy to body’s stress combating efforts, may increase vulnerability to viral and bacterial infection
36
Q

Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Biological Model

A

Stage 1: Alarm Reaction, Shock and Countershock
Stage 2: Resistance
Stage 3: Exhaustion

37
Q

Stage 1: Alarm Reaction: Shock

A

Person/animal first becomes aware of the stressor and the body goes into a temporary state of distress or fright

38
Q

Stage 1: Alarm Reaction: Countershock

A

Sympathetic NS activates the muscles, organs and glands to increase body’s resistance to stressor

39
Q

Stage 2: Resistance

A
  • body’s ability to tackle stressor rises above normal
  • all unnecessary physiological processes shut down
  • blood glucose, cortisol and adrenaline circulate at elevated levels
  • immune system suppressed: vulnerable to viral/bacterial infection
40
Q

Stage 3: Exhaustion

A
  • resources to resist stress deplete, resistance to stress falls below normal level
  • signs of wear and tear evident
  • physiological defences break down, greatly increased vulnerability to serious or life threatening diseases (ulcers, acne)
41
Q

Strengths of GAS

A
  • measures a predictable pattern that can be measured in individuals
  • tracks a biological pattern in different types of stress
42
Q

Limitations of GAS

A
  • research conducted on rats, difficult to generalise

- does not account for individual differences or psychological factors

43
Q

Chronic stress

A

Prolonged physiological arousal in response to a persistent stressor,
negative effect on health and wellbeing

44
Q

Acute stressor

A

Brief but intense physiological arousal in response to an immediate perceived stressor
Normally no negative effect

45
Q

Lazarus and Folkmans Transaction Model of Stress and Coping

A

Stress involves a transaction between the individual and environment
Coping will depend on the appraisal of the situation by the individual and their ability to cope

46
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

Evaluation of the significance of a stressor/event
Harm/Loss: some type of damage has already been done
Threat: may be future harm or loss
Challenge: opp for personal growth or possible positive outcome
Neutral/irrelevant/benign: little or no importance and therefore no stress

47
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

An assessment of people’s coping resources and options
Appraisal is made on more of a conscious level
Reappraisal: appraisal that follows earlier appraisal to the same stressor and modifies it

48
Q

Coping

A

Process of constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific internal and/or external stressors that are appraised as taxing or stressful

49
Q

Problem focused coping

A

Looks at the causes of the stressor from a practical perspective and works out ways to manage or change the problems/stressful situation
(Pros vs Cons, taking control, information seeking)
Used when we perceive some control over stressor

50
Q

Emotion focused coping

A

Trying to reduce the negative emotional feelings associated with the stressor
(Meditation, relaxation, physical exercise)
Used when perceive to have little or no control over stressor

51
Q

Strengths of Transaction model

A
  • emphasise active role individuals have in stress as opposed to passive role in GAS
  • emphasis the personal and individual nature of cognitive appraisal, helps explain difference in responses by individuals to same stressor
52
Q

Limitations of transaction model

A
  • subjective nature, variability, and complexity of individual responses means less reliable
  • primary and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously
  • did not account for cultural, social or environmental factors
53
Q

Approach strategies

A

Focusing affective, behavioural and cognitive towards stressor
May involve encountering, attending to or acknowledging stressor
Can be both emotion and problem based copying

54
Q

Avoidance strategies

A

Focus ABC’s away from stressor

May include denial, repression, distraction, etc

55
Q

Context specific effectiveness

A

A good fit between coping strategy used and the stressful situation
Factors to consider: physical environment, stressor and individual

56
Q

Coping flexibility

A

Ability to effectively modify coping behaviours according to stressor
Discontinue ineffective coping strategies (evaluate coping)
Produce and implement alternative coping strategy (adaptive coping)

57
Q

Context Specific Effectiveness + Coping Flexibility

A

Equals no stress

58
Q

Physical exercise

A

Releases endorphins (chemicals that promote a feeling of wellbeing)
Provides an avenue for people to expel built up tension or stress
Uses up stress hormones which reduces stress levels

Psychology (7 decks)

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