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U4 AOS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Health

A

State of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and contribute to their community

  • high level of functioning
  • social wellbeing
  • emotional wellbeing
  • resilience
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2
Q

High level of functioning

A 
Look after yourself
Get along with others
Complete everyday activities
Participate in societies
Mobility
Good cognition
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3
Q

Social wellbeing

A

Sense of belonging to a community

Connected, reciprocated, valued and desired

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4
Q

Emotional wellbeing

A

Experience emotions that are balanced and within normal range. Have strategies to manage emotions

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5
Q

Resilience

A

Ability to recover from stress, adapt to stressful situations, not become ill despite despite significant adversity, function above norm despite stress

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6
Q

Mental health problem

A

Disrupt an individual’s usual level of social and emotional wellbeing though they are generally not significant and do not last long.
Behavioural and emotional reactions will typically sit within normal range (VCE exams)

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7
Q

Characteristics of mental health problems

A

Duration: short
Degree of Impairment: Slight
Type of Treatment: Social support
Level of Distress: Slight

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8
Q

Mental Illness

A

Mental disorder that affects on or more functions of the mind. Can interfere with a persons, thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviours
- Diagnosed with the Three D’s: deviant, distressing, dysfunctional

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9
Q

Deviant

A

ABC’s are atypical for the person or differ markedly from cultural/social norms, considered inappropriate or unacceptable

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10
Q

Distressing

A

ABC’s unpleasant and upsetting to the person or others around them

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11
Q

Dysfunctional

A

ABC’s interfere with ability to carry out daily activities effectively

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12
Q

Characteristics of Mental Illness

A

Duration: Long
Degree of Impairment: Heavy
Type of Treatment: Clinical
Level of Distress: Heavy

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13
Q

No Harm principle in mental health

A

-researcher ensures physiological and psychological patients don’t participate in study so they aren’t subject to long lasting harmful effects

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14
Q

Beneficence in mental health

A

Often greater risk for participants with mental health illness so researcher must ensure they are maximising benefits of research and minimising risk

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15
Q

Voluntary participation in mental health

A

Voluntary participation is crucial in mental health studies. Involuntary treatment can be traumatic for individual with mental illness

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16
Q

Withdrawal rights in mental health

A

Participants should be fully aware of their rights to withdraw at any stage in the experiment

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17
Q

Confidentiality in mental health

A

Mental health and mental illness are significant issues that can be very sensitive. There is still stigma. Patient confidentiality is paramount

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18
Q

Informed consent in mental health

A

Due to symptoms, sufferers may lack capacity to fully understand the procedure and risk, hence lack ability to provide informed consent

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19
Q

Debriefing in mental health

A
  • informing and ensuring participant leaves study in mentally healthy state to limit long lasting harm
  • help and assistance can be offered
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20
Q

Placebo

A

Any fake treatment that will have no effect on the subject. Used to eliminate the placebo effect

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21
Q

Placebo effect

A

Changes in behaviour occur due to the individuals belief that they have been exposed to a treatment that will affect them in some way

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22
Q

When are placebos used

A

Single blind experiments where participant does not know whether they are receiving the drug or placebo

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23
Q

Ethical issues using placebos

A

Violates informed consent through use of deception

Researcher possibly fails to treat half the sample, leaving them to continue suffering their mental illness

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24
Q

Informed consent using placebos

A

Inform the participant that they will either revive the treatment or a placebo, and put them on a wait list control (repeated measures design), debrief

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25
Risk factors
Predisposing Precipitating Perpetuating
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Predisposing Factors
Factors that occur over one year before symptom manifestation Often present at conception or early life and increase vulnerability of developing a mental illness
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Precipitating Factors
Factors only present within a year before symptoms started | Triggers the onset or exacerbation of mental health problems
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Perpetuating Factors
Factors that appear after the symptom onset | Prolong the course of the mental disorder and inhibit recovery
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Protective Factors
Have a positive effect on health of an individual and help minimise the occurrence or recurrence of mental health problems
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Examples of predisposing risk factors
- genetic vulnerability (bio) - personality traits eg poor self efficacy (psycho) - disorganised attachment (social)
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Examples or precipitating factors
- poor sleep, substance use (bio) - stress (psycho) - loss of significant relationship (social)
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Examples of Perpetuating factors
- poor response to medication due to genetic factors (bio) - rumination, impaired reasoning and memory (psycho) - stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment (social)
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Examples of protective factors
Adequate sleep and diet (bio) Cognitive and behavioural strategies (psycho) Support from family, friends and community (social)
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What is the biopsychosocial model
An approach that looks at the combined influence of biological, psychological and social factors on mental health
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Genetic vulnerability
- Increased likelihood of developing a particular disease due to a persons genetic make up. - being vulnerable does not guarantee development of disorder - genetic changes contribute to development but don't cause it
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Self Efficacy
The belief in our own abilities to succeed and overcome - poor SE prevents individuals effectively dealing with stressful situations - may feel inefficient and unable to deal with stressful situation, increasing susceptibility to developing a mental disorder - people with low self efficacy less likely to seek help, perpetuating the issue
37
Disorganised attachment (avoidant personality)
- A child needs a secure base of attachment - if this base is threatening/abuse/not there, base is a source of distress that can lead to disorganised attachment - as adults they may struggle with relationships, trust and seeking help from others
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Poor sleep
- sleep is important in restoring physical and mental health - increases the ability to deal with demands of busy life - chronic sleep problems are associated with mental health issues and perpetuate each other - treatments for sleep disorder may help alleviate symptoms of mental health disorder
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Substance abuse
- harmful use or depends very on psychoactive substances including alcohol and illicit drugs - people who a she's alcohol/drugs increase likelihood of developing mental health problems - 50% adults with severe mental illness also have substance use disorders
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Stress
Psychological/physiological state of tension and arousal, produced by an internal or external force which are perceived to challenge or exceed a persons ability to cope - sufferers of chronic stress more susceptible to developing or perpetuating disorders like PTSD, OCD, mood disorders
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Loss of significant relationship
- social factors are one of our greatest protective factors - losing these networks increases the risk of developing a MHD - also known as grief and bereavement disorders
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poor response to medication
- Generally means little or no reduction in symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed. - genetic variation may affect absorption, distribution or metabolism of a particular medication
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Rumination
- when people overthink or obsess about situations or life events - state: dwelling on consequences and feelings associated with failure - action: task orientated thought processes focused on goal achievements and correction of mistakes - task irrelevant: uses events or people unassociated with the blocked goal to distract a person from failure
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Impaired reasoning and memory
Significantly impact day to day functioning of sufferers with mental disorders and cause a range of difficulties - difficulties: deficiencies in verbal fluency, language processing, interpretation of social situations, development of delusions
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Stigma
- a mark of disgrace or disgust that sets someone apart from others - 25-50% sufferers don't seek treatment - men less likely to seek treatment than women - mental illness can be a sign of weakness
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Cumulative Risk
Individual experience of a combination of multiple bio/psycho/social risk factors at one time - accumulation increases likelihood of mental illness deployment - number of risk factors is better predictor of mental health outcome than one single risk factor
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Stress
Psychological/physiological state of tension and arousal, produced by an internal or external force which are perceived to challenge or exceed a persons ability to cope
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Anxiety
State of physiological arousal associated with feelings of worry or uneasiness that something is woe get or that something unpleasant is about to happen
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Phobia
Persistent, irrational, and intense fear of a particular object or event PIIF
50
Worry v Rumination
Worry is more future orientated focused on anticipating threats Rumination is more past/present orientated focusing on issues of self worth, meaning and loss
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Specific phobias
``` Intense and irrational fear Avoid fear object No control over fear Daily functioning interrupted Overwhelming anxiety 6+ months ```
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Contributing Factors to Phobias
Bio: GABA dysfunction, role of stress response, LTP Psychological: classical/operant conditioning, cognitive bias (memory bias and catastrophic thinking) Social: specific environmental triggers, stigma
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Interventions to Phobias
Bio: Benzodiazepines, breathing retraining, exercise Psychological: CBT, systematic desensitisation Social: Psychoeducation
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GABA dysfunction
- an inhibitory neurotransmitter, therefore calming and slowing body's response - low levels of GABA means inability to regulate anxiety, hence greater chance of developing phobia
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Benzodiazepines
- GABA agonists | - reduce symptoms of anxiety by imitating GABAs inhibitory effect
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Role of Stress Response
- experience of stress activates sympathetic nervous system (increased HR and RR) - sufferers of phobias adapt slowly to increased stress response and respond excessively to stimuli that wouldn't provoke anxiety in others - when these symptoms are present, can lead to significant dysfunction
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Breathing Retraining
- Identifying incorrect breathing habits and replacing them with correct ones - over breathing can lead to dizziness, light headedness, blurred vision and pins and needles - slow, regular breathing promotes relaxation, slows bodily processes, lowers arousal, anxiety and stress
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Long Term Potentiation
- Exposure to fear stimulus strengthens memory - amygdala activates various brain regions to produce different symptoms - each encounter, more neurotransmitters, vesicles, receptor sites=severe and faster response
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Exercise
- improves mood through release of endorphins or increasing distraction may alleviate symptoms - burns off and reduces number of stress hormones circulating in the body
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Classical and Operant Conditioning
- consistent pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unpleasant stimulus can cause a phobic reaction (classical) - avoidance of fear stimulus acts as negative reinforcement and strengthens the avoidant behaviour (operant)
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Cognitive Bias
- cognitive bias: type of error in thinking that occurs when people are interpreting information - memory bias: more readily recall negative information rather than positive information, can also exaggerate the memory - catastrophic thinking: overestimating the potential dangers and assumes the worst. Unrealistic or irrational thoughts.
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CBT
- change negative automatic thoughts and actions and replace them with more positive and realistic ones
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Systematic Desensitisation
Based on assumption fear is classically conditioned and aims to elicit a positive response rather than negative 1. Fear hierarchy 2. Relaxation techniques 3. Pairing of relaxation technique with lowest in fear hierarchy 4. Repeated associations until that stage elicits a positive response then move to next stage
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Specific environmental triggers
- through modelling, individuals may view someone react fearfully to a stimulus and hence also act fearfully - being taught or warned about particular objects
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Stigma
- social disapproval of an individual's person characteristics or beliefs, or social disapproval of a type of behaviour - effects of stigma: less likely to seek help, lack of understanding, few social opportunities, bullying, belief of inability to succeed
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Psychoeducation
- explanation of nature of phobias, treatment and management - equip patients and supporter with ability to manage phobias, and boost self efficacy - challenge unrealistic thoughts - discourage avoidant behaviours
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Resilience
Dynamic process wherein individuals display positive adaptation despite experiences of significant adversity or trauma
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Protective factors
Bio: adequate diet and sleep Psycho: cognitive behavioural strategies Social: support from family, friends and community
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Adequate diet and sleep
- important for proper bodily functioning, reduces risk of health problems, helps with sleep, energy levels and mental health - implies appropriate duration and good quality, sleep essential in restoring body both mentally and physically
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Cognitive behavioural strategies
Techniques drawn from CBT to identify, assess and correct faulty patterns of thinking or problem behaviours that may affect mental health
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Social support
- common for people experiencing mental health problems to isolate themselves from social situations - isolation can make people feel worse and delay receiving treatment - social support is the greatest protective factor
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Stages of transtheoretical Model
``` Pre contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance ```
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Pre contemplation
- no intention to change behaviour in foreseeable future | - often unaware or under aware of their problem
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Contemplation
- aware of problem and thinking about overcoming it | - no commitment to take action
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Preparation
- intend to take action in next month, may have unsuccessfully taken action in the last year - some reductions in problematic behaviour but not significant enough
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Action
- behaviour/environment/experience is modified to overcome problem for a period of 1 day to 6 months
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Maintenance
- work to prevent relapse and consolidate gains during action

Psychology (7 decks)

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