U3A2: 5A photosynthesis and chloroplasts Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis

A

biological process where photoautotrophs capture light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy.

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2
Q

photosynthesis word equation

A

carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen + water

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3
Q

photosynthesis chemical equation

A

6CO₂ + 12H₂O —> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

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4
Q

mesophyll cells

A

the main photosynthesising cells in leaves

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5
Q

chloroplasts

A

inside mesophyll cells. organelle at the site of both stages of photosynthesis.

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6
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment responsible for initiating photosynthesis by capturing and being energised by light energy.

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7
Q

stomata

A

tiny pores on the surface of leaves which open to allow carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to diffuse into the leaf, or close to prevent water loss in dry conditions.

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8
Q

location of the light-dependant stage

A

on thylakoid membranes

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9
Q

inputs of the light-dependant stage

A

12 water, 12 NADP, 18 ADP+Pi

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10
Q

outputs of the light-independant stage

A

6 oxygen, 12 NADPH, 18 ATP

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11
Q

process of the light-dependant stage

A
  • light energy excites elections in thylakoid chlorophyll. elections move along membrane proteins, powering the pumping of H into the thylakoid lumen.
  • water donates electrons to replace electrons that leave, causing photolysis of water.
  • oxygen is released from chloroplast out of stomata.
  • H ions from water are used to generate coenzyme NADPH
  • movement of H down its concentration gradient generates coenzyme ATP
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12
Q

location of the light-independant stage

A

stroma of chloroplasts

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13
Q

inputs of the light-independant stage

A

6 carbon dioxide, 12 NADPH, 18 ATP

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14
Q

outputs of the light-independant stage

A

glucose, 6 water, 12 NADP, 18 ADP+Pi

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15
Q

process of the light-independant stage

A
  • carbon dioxide molecules combine with a 5-carbon molecule, then splitting into two 3-carbon molecules.
  • NADPH donates its hydrogen ions and electrons. ATP molecules break into ADP+Pi to release energy and facilitate further change to carbon molecules.
  • specific 3-carbon molecule is made and leaves the cycle, contributing to formation of glucose. overall 6 carbon dioxide molecules must enter the cycle to produce glucose.
  • some oxygen molecules leftover from the initial breaking of carbon dioxide with hydrogen ions from NADPH to create water.
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16
Q

summarise light-dependant and light-independant stages

A

dependant: light energy splits water molecules to produce ATP, NADPH and oxygen

independant: carbon dioxide is converted into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH, and more water is produced.