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Parasitology-Lec > U3.2 - Blood and Tissue Flagellates > Flashcards

U3.2 - Blood and Tissue Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Flagellates that are found in the blood and other fluids (CSF) and in tissues

A

blood and tissue flagellates

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2
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
what kind of parasites

A

vector-borne

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3
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
Medically important genera

A
  1. Trypanosoma
  2. Leishmania
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4
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
MOT

A

Transmitted by a bite of an infected vector

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5
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
four morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote – (Donovan Leishman)
  2. Promastigote – (Leptomonas)
  3. Epimastigote – (Crithidia)
  4. Trypomastigote
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6
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
All forms are found in?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi infections

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7
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
diagnostic stages

A
  1. trypomastigote
  2. epimastigote
  3. promastigote
  4. amastigote
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8
Q

Only the _____________ and _______________ are seen in Trypanosoma brucei infections

A

epimastigote
trypomastigote

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9
Q

Only the _____________ and _____________ are seen in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote
promastigote

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10
Q

Diagnostic Stages:
found in humans

A

amastigote and or trypomastigote

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11
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
Causative agent of?

A

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

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12
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
habitat

A
  1. RES
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. CNS
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13
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
Intermediate host Vector

A

Reduviid Bug (kissing bug)

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14
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
MOT

A
  1. Feces of vector entering bite wound
  2. blood transfusion
  3. organ transplants
  4. transplacentally
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15
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
diagnostic stages in human body parts

A
  1. Trypomastigotes: bloodstream
  2. Amastigotes: tissue cells
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16
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
acute phase pathogenesis

A
  1. Non specific S/S: fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, lymphadenopathy, cutaneous inflammation
  2. Chagomas
  3. Romaña’s sign
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17
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
chronic pathogenesis

A

Enlargement of vital organs (myocardium, megaesophagus)

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18
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
acute phase diagnosis

A
  1. Thick and thin blood smear using Giemsa
  2. CSF, tissue samples, lymph examination
  3. Concentration methods
  4. Blood culture
  5. PCR
  6. Xenodiagnosis
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19
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
chronic diagnosis

A
  1. ELISA
  2. Indirect hemagglutination
  3. Indirect immunofluorescence
  4. PCR
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20
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
acute phase treatment

A
  1. Nifurtimox
  2. Benznidazole
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21
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
chronic treatment

A

(symptom specific management)
1. Pacemakers
2. Antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone)
3. Megasyndromes are managed w/ special diets, laxatives, surgery

22
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
epidemiology

A
  1. Most cases: Latin America
  2. Other cases reported in:
    • Mexico
    • USA
    • Canada
    • France
    • Switzerland
    • Japan
    • Australia
23
Q

prevention and control

A
  1. Vector control
  2. Blood transfusion regulations
  3. No vaccines available
24
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
3. Trypanosoma brucei brucei

25
Q

Identify which Etiologic Agent of African Sleeping Sickness:
Causes Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

26
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense:
endemic in?

A

East and South Africa

27
Q

Identify which Etiologic Agent of African Sleeping Sickness:
Causes Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

28
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense:
endemic in?

A

West and Central Africa

29
Q

Identify which Etiologic Agent of African Sleeping Sickness:
affects wild and domestic animals

A

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

30
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
Vector

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)

31
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
only diagnostic stages exhibited

A

epimastigote
trypomastigote

32
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
Pathogenesis (Initial lesion)

A

local, painful, pruritic, erythematous chancre

33
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
Pathogenesis (early HAT)

A
  1. Hemolymphatic stage
  2. Fever, joint and muscle pain, malaise
  3. Winterbottom’s sign
34
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
Pathogenesis (late HAT)

A
  1. Meningoencephalitic stage
  2. Neurologic symptoms
  3. Convulsions, tremors, speech and reflexes defects, paralysis
  4. Kerandal’s sign
  5. Death
35
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
diagnosis

A
  1. Demonstration of trypomastigote in chancre, lymph node aspirate, CSF
  2. Thick and thin blood smear (Giemsa)
  3. Buffy coat concentration
  4. ELISA
  5. IFA
  6. Indirect hemagglutination
  7. Mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique
  8. PCR
  9. CATT
36
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
treatment

A
  1. Intravenous suramin solution: first stage of the disease
  2. Intravenous melarsoprol: if w/ CNS involvement
37
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
prevention and control

A
  1. Vector control
  2. Protective clothing
  3. Regulation and treatment of reservoir host (cattle and game animals)
38
Q

Leishmania spp:
Divided into?

A
  1. Old World:
    a. L. tropica
    b. L. aethiopica
    c. L. major
  2. New World:
    a. L. mexicana
    b. L. amazonensis
    c. L. guyanensis
    d. L. braziliensis
    e. L. chagasi
39
Q

Leishmania spp:
vectors

A
  1. Old World: Phlebotomus sandfly
  2. New World: Lutzomyia
40
Q

Leishmania spp:
type of parasite

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

41
Q

Leishmania spp:
type of infection

A

Primarily a zoonotic disease

42
Q

Leishmania spp:
MOT

A
  1. congenitally, blood
    transfusion
  2. contamination of bite
    wounds
  3. direct contact with
    contaminated specimens
43
Q

Leishmania spp:
pathogenesis (4 categories)

A
  1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
  2. Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL)
  3. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL)
  4. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
44
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL):
parasites

A

L. donovani complex:
1. L. donovani
2. L. chagasi
3. L. infantum

45
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL):
acute phase may be mistaken for?

46
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
cutaneous eruption resulting in hypopigmented macules, malar erythema, nodules, and ulcerations

A

Post- Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

47
Q

Leishmania spp:
diagnosis

A
  1. Microscopic demo of Leishmania form lesions and tissue scrapings, aspirates, and biopsy
  2. Culture: NNN medium, Schneider’s medium
  3. Animal inoculation (hamster)
  4. Montenegro skin test
  5. Immunologic assays
48
Q

Leishmania spp:
Immunologic assays

A
  1. ELISA
  2. rk39 Ag test (for VL)
  3. Direct agglutination
  4. Urine Ag test
  5. Flow cytometry
  6. PCR
  7. RFLP analysis
49
Q

Leishmania spp:
treatment

A

Antimony compounds: IM or IV for up to 4 weeks; primary treatment

50
Q

Leishmania spp:
epidemiology

A
  1. Primarily a disease of poverty
  2. VL is an important opportunistic infection in AIDS
51
Q

Leishmania spp:
Prevention and Control

A
  1. Use of insect repellant (DEET & permethrin)
  2. Insecticide-treated clothing
  3. Fine-mesh bed nets
  4. Screens and sprays in houses
  5. Regulation of reservoir hosts

Parasitology-Lec (8 decks)

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