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Parasitology-Lec > U3.2 - Blood and Tissue Flagellates > Flashcards

U3.2 - Blood and Tissue Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Flagellates that are found in the blood and other fluids (CSF) and in tissues

A

blood and tissue flagellates

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2
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
what kind of parasites

A

vector-borne

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3
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
Medically important genera

A
  1. Trypanosoma
  2. Leishmania
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4
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
MOT

A

Transmitted by a bite of an infected vector

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5
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
four morphological forms

A
  1. Amastigote – (Donovan Leishman)
  2. Promastigote – (Leptomonas)
  3. Epimastigote – (Crithidia)
  4. Trypomastigote
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6
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
All forms are found in?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi infections

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7
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates:
diagnostic stages

A
  1. trypomastigote
  2. epimastigote
  3. promastigote
  4. amastigote
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8
Q

Only the _____________ and _______________ are seen in Trypanosoma brucei infections

A

epimastigote
trypomastigote

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9
Q

Only the _____________ and _____________ are seen in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote
promastigote

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10
Q

Diagnostic Stages:
found in humans

A

amastigote and or trypomastigote

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11
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
Causative agent of?

A

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

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12
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
habitat

A
  1. RES
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. CNS
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13
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
Intermediate host Vector

A

Reduviid Bug (kissing bug)

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14
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
MOT

A
  1. Feces of vector entering bite wound
  2. blood transfusion
  3. organ transplants
  4. transplacentally
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15
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
diagnostic stages in human body parts

A
  1. Trypomastigotes: bloodstream
  2. Amastigotes: tissue cells
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16
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
acute phase pathogenesis

A
  1. Non specific S/S: fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, lymphadenopathy, cutaneous inflammation
  2. Chagomas
  3. Romaña’s sign
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17
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
chronic pathogenesis

A

Enlargement of vital organs (myocardium, megaesophagus)

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18
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
acute phase diagnosis

A
  1. Thick and thin blood smear using Giemsa
  2. CSF, tissue samples, lymph examination
  3. Concentration methods
  4. Blood culture
  5. PCR
  6. Xenodiagnosis
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19
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
chronic diagnosis

A
  1. ELISA
  2. Indirect hemagglutination
  3. Indirect immunofluorescence
  4. PCR
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20
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
acute phase treatment

A
  1. Nifurtimox
  2. Benznidazole
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21
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
chronic treatment

A

(symptom specific management)
1. Pacemakers
2. Antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone)
3. Megasyndromes are managed w/ special diets, laxatives, surgery

22
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi:
epidemiology

A
  1. Most cases: Latin America
  2. Other cases reported in:
    • Mexico
    • USA
    • Canada
    • France
    • Switzerland
    • Japan
    • Australia
23
Q

prevention and control

A
  1. Vector control
  2. Blood transfusion regulations
  3. No vaccines available
24
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex:
1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
3. Trypanosoma brucei brucei

25
Identify which Etiologic Agent of African Sleeping Sickness: Causes Rhodesian or East African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
26
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: endemic in?
East and South Africa
27
Identify which Etiologic Agent of African Sleeping Sickness: Causes Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
28
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: endemic in?
West and Central Africa
29
Identify which Etiologic Agent of African Sleeping Sickness: affects wild and domestic animals
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
30
Trypanosoma brucei complex: Vector
Tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)
31
Trypanosoma brucei complex: only diagnostic stages exhibited
epimastigote trypomastigote
32
Trypanosoma brucei complex: Pathogenesis (Initial lesion)
local, painful, pruritic, erythematous chancre
33
Trypanosoma brucei complex: Pathogenesis (early HAT)
1. Hemolymphatic stage 2. Fever, joint and muscle pain, malaise 3. Winterbottom’s sign
34
Trypanosoma brucei complex: Pathogenesis (late HAT)
1. Meningoencephalitic stage 2. Neurologic symptoms 3. Convulsions, tremors, speech and reflexes defects, paralysis 4. Kerandal’s sign 5. Death
35
Trypanosoma brucei complex: diagnosis
1. Demonstration of trypomastigote in chancre, lymph node aspirate, CSF 2. Thick and thin blood smear (Giemsa) 3. Buffy coat concentration 4. ELISA 5. IFA 6. Indirect hemagglutination 7. Mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique 8. PCR 9. CATT
36
Trypanosoma brucei complex: treatment
1. Intravenous suramin solution: first stage of the disease 2. Intravenous melarsoprol: if w/ CNS involvement
37
Trypanosoma brucei complex: prevention and control
1. Vector control 2. Protective clothing 3. Regulation and treatment of reservoir host (cattle and game animals)
38
Leishmania spp: Divided into?
1. Old World: a. L. tropica b. L. aethiopica c. L. major 2. New World: a. L. mexicana b. L. amazonensis c. L. guyanensis d. L. braziliensis e. L. chagasi
39
Leishmania spp: vectors
1. Old World: Phlebotomus sandfly 2. New World: Lutzomyia
40
Leishmania spp: type of parasite
Obligate intracellular parasite
41
Leishmania spp: type of infection
Primarily a zoonotic disease
42
Leishmania spp: MOT
1. congenitally, blood transfusion 2. contamination of bite wounds 3. direct contact with contaminated specimens
43
Leishmania spp: pathogenesis (4 categories)
1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) 2. Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL) 3. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) 4. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)
44
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL): parasites
L. donovani complex: 1. L. donovani 2. L. chagasi 3. L. infantum
45
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL): acute phase may be mistaken for?
malaria
46
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) cutaneous eruption resulting in hypopigmented macules, malar erythema, nodules, and ulcerations
Post- Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
47
Leishmania spp: diagnosis
1. Microscopic demo of Leishmania form lesions and tissue scrapings, aspirates, and biopsy 2. Culture: NNN medium, Schneider’s medium 3. Animal inoculation (hamster) 4. Montenegro skin test 5. Immunologic assays
48
Leishmania spp: Immunologic assays
1. ELISA 2. rk39 Ag test (for VL) 3. Direct agglutination 4. Urine Ag test 5. Flow cytometry 6. PCR 7. RFLP analysis
49
Leishmania spp: treatment
Antimony compounds: IM or IV for up to 4 weeks; primary treatment
50
Leishmania spp: epidemiology
1. Primarily a disease of poverty 2. VL is an important opportunistic infection in AIDS
51
Leishmania spp: Prevention and Control
1. Use of insect repellant (DEET & permethrin) 2. Insecticide-treated clothing 3. Fine-mesh bed nets 4. Screens and sprays in houses 5. Regulation of reservoir hosts

Parasitology-Lec (8 decks)

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