U3.1 - Intestinal and Urogenital Flagellates

Question 1

Flagellates:
Phylum

Answer 1

Phylum Sarcomastigophora/ Metamonada

Question 2

Flagellates:
Subphylum

Answer 2

Subphylum Mastigophora

Question 3

Flagellates:
Class

Answer 3

Class Zoomastigophora

Question 4

Class Zoomastigophora:
kinds of species

Answer 4

1. intestinal and urogenital flagellates
2. hemoflagellates

Question 5

Intestinal/ Urogenital flagellates:
habitat

Answer 5

large intestine; except:
1. Giardia duodenalis (small intestine)
2. Trichomonas vaginalis (urogenitals)
3. Trichomonas tenax (mouth)

Question 6

Intestinal/ Urogenital flagellates:
formation/ rupturing of cyst

Answer 6

All undergo encystation; except:
Trichomonas species (trophozoite)

Question 7

Intestinal/ Urogenital flagellates:
types of parasite

Answer 7

All are commensals; except:
1. Giardia duodenalis
2. Dientamoeba fragilis
3. Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 8

Giardia duodenalis:
other names

Answer 8

Giadia intestinalis
Giardia lamblia
Cercomonas intestinalis

Question 9

Giardia duodenalis:
MOT

Answer 9

ingestion of infective cysts

Question 10

Giardia duodenalis:
causative agent of?

Answer 10

1. Giardiasis
2. Traveller’s Diarrhea
3. Backpacker’s Diarrhea
4. Beaver Fever

Question 11

Giardia duodenalis:
pathogenesis

Answer 11

1. Parasite attaches to the intestinal cells via an adhesive sucking disc located on its ventral side
2. Once attached, the parasite causes villous flattening and crypt atrophy

Question 12

Giardia duodenalis:
symptomatic or asymptomatic

Answer 12

Half of the patients:
may be asymptomatic

Question 13

Giardia duodenalis:
acute cases

Answer 13

1. excessive flatus with rotten egg (due to hydrogen sulfied) odor
2. diarrhea
3. malaise
4. abdominal pains
5. anorexia

Question 14

Giardia duodenalis:
chronic cases

Answer 14

1. steatorrhea
2. weight loss
3. profound malaise
4. low-grade fever

Question 15

Giardia duodenalis:
diagnosis

Answer 15

1. DFS
2. concentration techniques: cysts
3. duodenal-jejunal aspiration
4. enterotest
5. antigen detection test (CWP1)
6. direct fluorescent Ab test

Question 16

Giardia duodenalis:
treatment

Answer 16

1. metronidazole
2. alternative drugs:
   
   • tinidazole
   • furazolidone
   • abendazole

Question 17

Giardia duodenalis:
epidemiology

Answer 17

1. prevalent worldwide
2. areas with poor sanitation and poor hygiene
3. direct oral-anal sexual contact among MSM increase the risk

Question 18

Giardia duodenalis:
prevention and control

Answer 18

1. proper or sanitary disposal of human excreta
2. normal water chlorination will not affect cysts, but usual water treatment modalities should be adequate

Question 19

Dientamoeba fragilis:
originally described as?

Answer 19

ameba

Question 20

Dientamoeba fragilis:
stages present

Answer 20

trophozoite
cyst

Question 21

Dientamoeba fragilis:
nuclei:
peripheral chromatin:
karyosome:

Answer 21

nuclei: 1 or 2
peripheral chromatin: no PC
karyosome: 4-6 discrete granules

Question 22

Dientamoeba fragilis:
MOT

Answer 22

fecal-oral route or via transmission of helminth eggs (E. vermicularis)

Question 23

Dientamoeba fragilis:
symptomaticity

Answer 23

usually asymptomatic

Question 24

Dientamoeba fragilis:
common symptoms

Answer 24

intermittent diarrhea with excess mucus

Question 25

Dientamoeba fragilis: diagnosis

Answer 25

1. DFS 2. not detected by concentration techniques 3. prompt fixation of fresh stool with PVA fixative or Schaudinn's fixative

Question 26

Trichomonas vaginalis: causative agent of?

Answer 26

trichomoniasis

Question 27

Trichomonas vaginalis: habitat

Answer 27

urogenital area

Question 28

Trichomonas vaginalis: MOT

Answer 28

1. intimate contact 2. infant delivery 3. contaminated towels and underwear

Question 29

Trichomonas vaginalis: common symptoms

Answer 29

1. vaginal discharge (green/ yellow color) 2. vulvitis 3. dysuria 4. postpartum endometritis 5. strawberry cervix (2% of the cases)

Question 30

Trichomonas vaginalis: male pathogenesis

Answer 30

asymptomatic some cases: urethritis, prostitis

Question 31

Trichomonas vaginalis: diagnosis

Answer 31

1. saline preparation of vaginal fluid 2. culture: gold standard 3. pap's smear 4. Ag detection 5. PCR

Question 32

Trichomonas vaginalis: treatment

Answer 32

1. metronidazole 2. tinidazole

Question 33

Trichomonas vaginalis: epidemiology

Answer 33

1. occurs worldwide 2. high prevalence in greater sexual activity with multiple partners

Question 34

Trichomonas vaginalis: prevention and control

Answer 34

1. reduce risk of exposure 2. proper use of protective devices (condom, spermicidal foams) 3. simultaneous treatment of infected sexual partners 4. health and sex education

Question 35

Non-pathogenic flagellates

Answer 35

1. Pentatrichomonas (Trichomonas) hominis 2. Trichomonas tenax 3. Chilomastix mesnili