U1.1 - Intro to Para (Bio Relationships, Hosts, Parasites) Flashcards
relationship between 2 unlike organisms
symbiosis
the members of the symbiotic relationship
symbiont/ symbiote
4 symbiotic relationships
mutualism
commensalism
phoretic relationship
parasitism
symbiotic relationship where both benefit
mutualism
symbiotic relationship where one benefits and one is not affected/ unharmed
commensalism
symbiotic relationship that involves “phoresis”
phoretic relationship
means “to carry”
phoresis
symbiotic relationship where the organism is carried and nothing else happens
phoretic relationship
organism being carried
phoront
T/F:
In a phoretic relationship, there is a physiologic interaction between the host and the phoront.
False;
no physiologic interaction
symbiotic relationship where one benefits, and one is harmed
parasitism
in parasitism, what do you call the one that benefits and the one that is harmed
parasite: benefits
host: harmed
determine the symbiotic relationship:
termites and flagellates
mutualism
determine the symbiotic relationship:
entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen
commensalism
determine the symbiotic relationship:
cockroaches carrying Ascaris eggs
phoretic relationship
determine the symbiotic relationship:
Entamoeba histolytica in humans
parasitism
an area of biology that deals with the dependence of one organism on another
parasitology
study of parasites, its hosts, and their relationships
parasitology
characteristics of parasitic diseases
- prevalence in developing countries
- low mortality and morbidity
- limited drug development
- no current vaccines
species which harbors the parasite
host
T/F:
The host always show harmful effects
False;
may show no harmful effects
may also suffer from the pathogenic effects of the parasite
also known as definitive host
final host
host that harbors the mature form of the parasite
final/ definitive host
T/F:
sexual reproduction and maturity take place in final host
True
host that harbors immature/ larval form of the parasite
intermediate host
T/F:
Asexual reproduction takes place in intermediate host
True
host responsible for transmission
vector
type of vector where there is morphologic change or transformation of parasite before transmission to another host
biologic vector
In the biologic vector, parasite is always __________ (inside or outside).
inside
Identify the type of host:
lower animals, vegetation, insects, sometimes humans (in Plasmodium infections)
intermediate host
Identify the type of host:
aedes
mosquitoes
tsetse
fly
ticks
biologic vector
type of vector where no morphologic change occurs
mechanical/ phoretic vector
In the mechanical/ phoretic vector, parasite is always __________ (inside or outside).
outside
Identify the type of host:
cockroaches and flies
mechanical/ phoretic vector
type of host that harbors a parasite that usually does not infect it
accidental host
Identify the type of host:
man infected with Toxocara canis
accidental host
also known as transfer host
paratenic host
type of host that harbors parasites that do not develop to further stages
paratenic/ transfer host
T/F:
Paratenic/ transfer host only transfers from one host to another
True
type of host that widens parasite distribution and bridges ecological gap between definitive and intermediate hosts
paratenic/ transfer host
Identify the type of host:
boars for Paragonimus westermani
paratenic/ transfer host
also known as incidental host
dead-end host
type of host that does not anymore allow the life cycle of the parasite to continue
dead-end/ incidental host
Identify the type of host:
humans for Trichinella spiralis
dead-end/ incidental host
type of host other than the parasite’s usual hosts that allows the life cycle to continue
reservoir host
animals that can continue the life cycle even in absence of humans
reservoir host
T/F:
Reservoir host becomes additional sources of human infection.
True
Identify the type of host:
pigs for Balantidum coli
field rats for Paragonimus westermani
beavers for Giardia lamblia
cats for Brugia malayi
reservoir host
concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities
medical parasitology
7 types of hosts
- final/ definitive
- intermediate
- vectors
- accidental
- paratenic/ transfer
- dead-end/ incidental
- reservoir
3 types of parasites according to relationship to host
- obligate
- facultative
- commensal
7 types of parasites according to habitat
- ectoparasite
- endoparasite
- erratic parasite
- accidental/ incidental parasite
- spurious parasite
- temporary parasite
- permanent parasite
3 types of parasites according to egg-laying capacity
- oviparous
- ovoviviparous
- larviparous
3 types of parasites according to sexes
- monoecious
- dioecious
- parthenogenetic
type of parasite that always requires a host to survive
obligate parasite
T/F:
most parasites are obligate
True
Identify the type of parasite according to pathogenicity/ dependency:
Ascaris
Hookworms
Trichuris
Tapeworms
obligate parasite
type of parasite that has a free-living and parasitic phase
facultative parasite
a phase found in the environment
free-living phase
T/F:
When conditions are unfavorable, facultative parasites’ enter the parasitic phase after free-living phase
True
type of parasite that is non-pathogenic
commensal
type of parasite that does not cause disease
commensal
Identify the type of parasite according to pathogenicity/ dependency:
threadworms
facultative parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to pathogenicity/ dependency:
Entamoeba coli
commensal
type of parasite that lives outside the host
ectoparasite
presence of an ectoparasite in a host
infestation
Identify the type of parasite according to habitat:
ticks
lice
fleas
ectoparasite
type of parasite that lives inside the host
endoparasite
presence of an endoparasite in a host
infection
T/F:
Most parasites are ectoparasites.
False;
endoparasites
type of parasite that is not living in its natural habitat
erratic parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to habitat:
Ascaris (when it is not in the small intestine)
erratic parasite
also known as incidental parasite
accidental parasite
type of parasite that does not live in its usual host
accidental/ incidental parasite
type of parasite/ free-living organism that passes through the GI tract without infecting the host
spurious parasite
type of parasite that is transient
temporary parasite
type of parasite that remains on host for its entire life
permanent parasite
type of parasite that lays immature eggs
oviparous parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to egg-laying capacity:
Ascaris
Trichuris
oviparous parasite
eggs that are not yet embryonated/ have no larva yet
immature eggs
Identify the type of parasite according to egg-laying capacity:
Schistosoma
Clonorchis
ovoviviparous parasite
type of parasite that lays mature eggs
ovoviviparous parasite
eggs that are embryonated, larva present
mature eggs
type of parasite that is larva-laying
larviparous parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to egg-laying capacity:
Trichinella
larviparous parasite
type of parasite that is also known as Hermaphrodites
monoecious parasite
type of parasite where both testes and ovaries are found
monoecious parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to sexes:
flukes
tapeworms
monoecious parasite
type of parasite where separate sexes are present
dioecious parasite
type of parasite according to sexes (male and female)
dioecious parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to sexes:
nematodes (except Strongyloides)
dioecious parasite
type of parasite: females capable of self-fertilization
parthenogenetic parasite
Identify the type of parasite according to sexes:
Strongyloides stercoralis
parthenogenetic parasite
3 stages for helminthes
adult
larva
egg/ ovum
stage of helminth in mature form
adult
stage of helminth in immature form
larva
stages included in the larval stage of helminthes
L1-L3
stage of helminth in nonmotile form
egg/ ovum
resistant stages of helminth
egg/ ovum
stage of helminth:
Infective stage (for most parasites): stage that once ingested, infects the host
egg/ ovum
2 stages for protozoans
trophozoite
cyst
stage of protozoan in motile/ vegetative stage
trophozoite
stage of protozoan in nonmotile, usually the infective stage
cyst
diseases associated with mosquitoes
- Malaria
- Filariasis
diseases associated with flies
- Leishmaniasis
- African trypanosomiasis
- Onchocercosis
- Loiasis
disease associated with ticks
Babesiosis
disease associated with Bug (Reduviid)
Chagas’ Disease
most common mode of transmission
oral (food and water)
refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person
Intensity of Infection/ Worm Burden
