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Parasitology-Lec > U1.3 - Intro to Para (Effects, Evasion, Taxonomy) > Flashcards

U1.3 - Intro to Para (Effects, Evasion, Taxonomy) Flashcards

1
Q

6 effects of parasite to host

A
  1. may infect humans bud do not cause disease
  2. can cause injury
  3. can cause invasion and tissue destruction
  4. can deprive certain nutrients from hosts
  5. tissue damage
  6. tissue changes
    streamlining
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2
Q

How do parasites cause injury?

A
  • Creation of enzymes
  • Invasion and destruction of host tissue
  • Depriving the host of essential nutrients and substances
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3
Q

4 types of tissue changes

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. hypertrophy
  3. metaplasia
  4. neoplasia
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4
Q

type of tissue damage:
increase in number of cells

A

hyperplasia

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5
Q

type of tissue damage:
increase in size of cells

A

hypertrophy

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6
Q

type of tissue damage:
change from one cell type to another

A

metaplasia

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7
Q

type of tissue damage:
formation of tumors or neoplasms

A

neoplasia

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8
Q

inability of parasite to synthesize certain cellular components, so they need the help of the host to obtain these components

A

streamlining

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9
Q

6 effects of host to parasite

A
  1. genetic makeup of host
  2. nutrition and diet
  3. natural physical barriers
  4. chemical components of body fluids
  5. physiologic function of the body
  6. immunity and immune response
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10
Q

confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi

A

Duffy Blood Group Fy (a-b-)

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11
Q

confers resistance to Plasmodium falciparum

A

sickle cell anemia

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12
Q

macro that inhibits growth of protozoans

A

high protein diet

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13
Q

macro that favors development and appearance of symptoms and complications of amebiasis

A

low protein diet

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14
Q

macro that favors development of some tapeworms

A

high carbohydrates

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15
Q

physical barrier that provides surface protection against invasion from parasites

A

skin

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16
Q

physical barrier that provide external barriers to parasite entry

A

mucous membranes

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17
Q

physical barrier between epithelial cells, prevent passage of small molecules

A

tight junctions

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18
Q

physical barrier that present a hostile environment to microorganisms

A

low pH of vaginal secretions and gastric juices

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19
Q

lipase content of breast milk is toxic to?

A

Giardia

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20
Q

What protein in tears and saliva is able to destroy microorganisms?

A

lysozyme (with the IgA content)

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21
Q

physiologic function: motion of the cilia in the digestive tract that helps in expelling parasites

A

peristalsis

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22
Q

physiologic function: enables expectoration of certain parasites

A

coughing

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23
Q

causes parasite to develop evasion mechanisms

A

immunity and immune response

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24
Q

Parasites eventually become __________ to the immune response.

A

resistant

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25
Q

T/F:
Absolute immunity frequently happens.

A

False;
rarely

26
Q

T/F:
Hosts can also recognize the invading parasite through its pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

A

True

27
Q

T/F:
Hosts can also recognize through toll-like receptors.

A

True

28
Q

5 parasite evasion mechanisms

A
  1. resistance to immune response
  2. immune suppression
  3. antigenic variation
  4. host mimicry
  5. intracellular sequestration
29
Q

identify the evasion mechanism:
parasite changes its surface proteins or glycoproteins to avoid detection by the immune system

A

antigenic variation

30
Q

identify the evasion mechanism:
parasite can copy certain proteins/ antigens in the body

A

host mimicry

31
Q

identify the evasion mechanism:
parasites hide inside the cel

A

intracellular sequestration

32
Q

3 kingdoms

A
  1. kingdom protista (protozoans)
  2. kingdom fungi
  3. kingdom animalia
33
Q

3 phylums of kingdom protista

A
  1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
  2. Phylum Ciliophora
  3. Phylum Apicomplexa
34
Q

Subphylums and species under Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A

o Subphylum Sarcodina:
—–ameba
o Subphylum Mastigophora:
—–flagellates (atrial flagellates and hemoflagellates)

35
Q

Species under Phylum Ciliophora

A

ciliates

36
Q

Subphylums and species under Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Plasmodium, Babesia, Intestinal Coccidians, Tissue
Coccidians

37
Q

Phylum and species in kingdom fungi

A

Phylum Microsporidia
* Intracellular parasites
* Now classified as fungi in Mycology
* Spore forming
* Possesses a polar tube (used to penetrate the host cell)
* Ex: Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon

38
Q

Phylums and classes in kingdom animalia

A
  • Phylum Aschelminthes
    o Class Nematoda (roundworms)
  • Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
    o Class Trematoda (flukes)
    ▪ Order Digenea
    o Class Cestoda (tapeworms)
39
Q

Possible outcomes of parasite to host interactions

A
  1. Parasite fails to become established in the host.
  2. Parasite becomes established and the host eliminates the infection.
  3. Parasite becomes established, and the host begins to overcome the infection but is not totally successful.
  4. Parasite becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself.
  5. Parasite becomes established and kills the host.
40
Q

1st line of defense against pathogens

A

physical barriers

41
Q

4 physical barriers

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Components of body fluids
  • Physiologic functions of the body
42
Q

type of immune response:
body detects and eliminates pathogens through non-
specific mechanisms

A

Innate immune response

43
Q

Identify the type of immune response:
Phagocytosis by macrophage and dendritic cells

A

Innate immune response

44
Q

type of immune response:
host exposed to the parasite antigens > stimulate an immune response

A

Acquired immune response

45
Q

Identify the type of immune response:
T and B Cells

A

Acquired immune response

46
Q

evasion mechanism: permits survival of parasites upon entering blood and tissues

A

Resistance to Infection

47
Q

Identify the evasion mechanism
Cuticle and integument > resist macrophage

A

Resistance to Infection

48
Q

Parasites can reduce immune function of macrophages > lower action of macrophages and defective processing of antigen

A

Immune Suppression

49
Q

Identify the evasion mechanism:
Body could not differentiate self from non-self

A

Host Mimicry

50
Q

Identify the evasion mechanism:
Echinococcus granulosus larval stages carry P blood
group antigens

A

host mimicry

51
Q

Identify the evasion mechanism:
Schistosoma sp. Can acquire antigenic molecules from
host

A

host mimicry

52
Q

Identify the evasion mechanism:
Trypanosoma brucei infection:
* variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)

A

Antigenic Variation

53
Q

Identify the evasion mechanism:
Plasmodium: antigenic diversity

A

Antigenic Variation

54
Q

T/F:
Dysfunction of any of the host defense systems can result in damage to host tissue and produce clinical disease.

A

True

55
Q

4 Types of Reaction

A
  1. Type 1 (Immediate type hypersensitivity)
  2. Type 2 (Immune complex formation)
  3. Type 3 (Cytotoxic reactions of antibody)
  4. Type 4 (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)
56
Q

Microspora – now under _______

A

Fungi

57
Q

unicellular eukaryotic organisms

A

Protozoans

58
Q

“worms”; metazoan parasites

A

Helminthes

59
Q

3 types of helminthes

A
  • Nematodes (Roundworms)
  • Cestodes (Tapeworms)
  • Trematodes (Flukes)
60
Q
A

Parasitology-Lec (8 decks)

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