U3 LEC: TRANSLATION Flashcards
Blueprint for genetic makeup, basis for translation
DNA
Sequence for genetic code
RNA
This is contained in the RNA and will create the polymer protein as a product of translation
Codon
Product of transcription, most biologically active form
mRNA
Mature mRNA has no?
introns
This will facilitate exit of mature mRNA out of nucleus.
methyl guanosine cap at 5ā end
This is not seen in tRNA and rRNA.
poly adenylated tail at 3ā end
This occur in triplets and a combination of nucleotides.
Codons
How many possible combinations of codons can be made?
64
How many codons code for amino acids?
61
Start codon or Methionine
AUG
How many codons code for stop codons?
3
Stop Codons
UAG, UGA, UAA
1 amino acid is to multiple codons, except?
- Methionine (AUG)
- Tryptophan (UGG)
This is the carrier of the anticodon.
tRNA
This refers to the complementary sequence of codon
anticodon
T/F: The codon will not bind to the large subunit without presence of anticodon in tRNA.
True
This is found in the 5ā end, and is usually carrying the anticodon.
Phosphate group
This is found in the 3ā end, and is the binding site for amino acid.
CCA (binding region; Can Carry Aminoacid)
Characteristics of the Genetic Code
- Comma-less
- Non-overlapping
- Redundant
Characteristics of the Genetic Code
This refers to the constant reading from 5ā to 3ā direction regardless of the sequence
Comma-less
(no comma, dire diretso, walang pakealam kahit may deletion!)
Characteristics of the Genetic Code
This is when the ribosomes will give 1 amino acid for each codon.
Non-overlapping
(di pagsasamahin yung 2 same codons together as 1 amino acid)
Characteristics of the Genetic Code
This is how 1 amino acid can correspond to multiple codons.
Redundant
This principle is found in codons that are redundant where we substitute Inosine.
Wobble Phenomenon
This degenerate anticodon, has multivalent properties, and can combine with any other sequence.
Inosine
Wobble Effect/Inosine increases ________ of anticodon to its corresponding codon.
recognition potential
For Serine, Inosine can constitute for
- Adenine
- Uracil
- Cytosine
Reason for Wobble Effect
decreases the rate of mutation
Arms of tRNA
- TĪØC-Arm (T Psi arm)
- D-arm
The TĪØC-Arm is also called the?
T loop arm
This arm contains the receptors for Thymidine and Uridine.
TĪØC-Arm
This arm allows the binding of amino acyl tRNA synthetase.
D-Arm
This will carry or charge the tRNA with the corresponding amino acid depending on the attached anticodon region by checking the anticodon loop.
Amino acyl tRNA synthetase
Activity of synthetase requires?
energy
Eukaryotic Ribosome
80s (large is 60s, small is 40s)
This is the rate of sedimentation or weight.
Svedberg unit
Prokaryotic Ribosome
70s (large is 50s, small is 30s)
Prokaryotic ribosomes is important for?
antibiotics
Antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclines target the?
30s subunit
(prevent multiplication ng bacteria sa body)
Phases of Translation
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
Prokaryotic
This is found in the 5ā downstream, starting line for initiation.
Shine Delgarno (SD) Sequence
Prokaryotic
The Shine Delgarno Sequence is recognized by _____ in the small protein subunit.
16srRNA
Shine Delgarno Sequence
GGAGGU
This enters after the SD sequence binds with small protein subunit.
IF 3
This prevents the premature arrival and attachment of large subunit.
IF 3
T/F: Charged tRNA for prokaryotes must carry corresponding codon to AUG for IF 3 to enter.
True
Charged tRNA for Prokaryotes carry?
N-formylmethionine
Charged tRNA for Eukaryotes carry?
Methionine
This IF carries Guanosine Triphosphate as source of energy.
IF 2
IF 2 requires?
IF 1 (link to IF 3)
GTP is reduced to?
GDP and Pyrophosphate (inorganic phosphate)
The energy reduced from GTP is important in the attachment of?
large protein subunit to small protein subunit
The 43s Preinitiation Complex is composed of?
- Charged tRNA
- IFs
- GTP
IF added to eIF1A and eIF3
eIF2
The 43s Preinitiation Complex will attach to 5ā downstream end with the help of?
eIF4
Types of eIF4
4A, 4B, 4E, 4G
eIF in the 5ā
eIF4E
eIF in the 3ā
eIF4G
The Preinitiation Complex will crawl along _____ to find the start codon
exon
These eIFs control the movement of complex throughout the exon.
4E & 4G
The Charged tRNA with anticodon for Methionine and amino acid, after binding to start codon, will enter what site?
Peptidyl site
T/F: There will still be a recognition site if charged tRNA does not carry the anticodon.
False
The Amino Acyl site is also known as?
Arrival site
Three Sites in Elongation
Amino acyl site
Peptidyl site
Exit site
T/F: Several tRNAs will enter the A site until there is an anticodon that matches the codon.
True
This eEF carries GTP for the opening of A site and entry of tRNA.
eEF1
This is created between amino acids upon removal of eEF1
Peptide Bond
This enzyme pulls apart charged tRNA in P site to A site to form peptide bond.
Peptidyl Transferase
The transfer from A to P, and P to E is called?
Translocation
Translocation happens in the presence of?
eEF2
The recycled tRNA is dependent on the action of?
Amino acyl tRNA syntethase
This large protein will enter the A site once there is no corresponding anticodon (stop codon) and will cause amino acid to disassociate.
Release Factor
Sites for protein synthesis
Ribosomes and Rough ER
The ribosomes and rough ER are located near the?
nucleus
Proteins synthesized by free ribosomes
- Cytosolic
- Nuclear
- Mitochondrial enzymes
- Peroxisomal enzymes
Proteins synthesized by the rough E.R.
- Lysosomal
- Secreted
- Membrane
The Signal Sequence is recognized by?
Signal Recognition Protein
This has GTP for opening of translocon.
Signal Recognition Protein
Translation will happen by releasing in the?
lumen of Rough E.R.
This is where Signal Sequence binds to cause translocon to open.
Signal Recognition Particle Receptor
This cuts Signal Sequence to liberate protein to Rough E.R.
Signal Peptidase
Proteins in RER will be?
- released to ECF
- released to cell membrane
- become lysozome