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MT6319 MOLBIO > U1 LEC: HISTORY OF MOLBIO > Flashcards

U1 LEC: HISTORY OF MOLBIO Flashcards

1
Q

Arose from the convergence of work by geneticists, physicists, and structural chemists on the nature of inheritance.

A

Molecular Biology

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2
Q

Starting year of molbio

A

1930s

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3
Q

Golden age of molbio

A

1950s and 1960s

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4
Q

The study of biomolecules and biomolecular mechanisms that occur in living organisms

A

Molecular biology

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5
Q

Molecular biology is mainly focused on?

A
  • Gene structure and function
  • Molecular nature of gene
  • Gene replication, mutation and repair
  • Gene expressions

in short words: mechanisms

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6
Q

This is the basis of gene

A

Central dogma

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7
Q

Genomics

A

DNA

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8
Q

Transcriptomics

A

RNA

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9
Q

Proteomics

A

Protein

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10
Q

Metabolomics

A

metabolites

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11
Q

This is the study of molecular basis of life such as biochemical processes that control information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism.

A

Biochemistry

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12
Q

Biochemistry deals with the structures and functions of?

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
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13
Q

This scientist coined the term “molecular biology”

A

Warren Weaver (1938)

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14
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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15
Q

This scientist worked on the transmission of inheritable traits.

A

Gregor Mendel

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16
Q

Mendelian laws

A
  • Law of Segregation
  • Law of Independent Assortment
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17
Q

This scientist discovered a new molecule from the cell nucleus, and believed that proteins were the molecules of heredity.

A

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

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18
Q

Friedrich Miescher (1869) discovered?

A

nuclein

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19
Q

This refers to the previously thought transforming principle, now called as DNA.

A

nuclein

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20
Q

This scientist studied two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice.

A

Frederick Griffith (1928)

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21
Q

highly virulent strain, with a capsule (polysaccharide)

A

smooth strain

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22
Q

non virulent, lacked a capsule

A

rough strain

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23
Q

This refers to the autopsy in animals.

A

Necropsy

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24
Q

Mouse lives in?

A
  • r strain
  • heat killed smooth strain
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25
Q

Mouse dies in?

A
  • s strain
  • rough strain and heat killed smooth strain
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26
Q

Mechanism of smooth strain

A
  • Smooth strain is killed with heat, but not the DNA
  • Rough strain engulfs DNA coding for the capsule
  • Rough strain becomes virulent
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27
Q

These scientists used a process of elimination to identify the transforming principle.

A

Oswald Avery,
Colin McLeod,
Maclyn McCarty
(1944)

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28
Q

Tubes used by Avery, McLeod, McCarty

A

1st: proteinase - S cells appear
2nd: ribonuclease - S cells appear
3rd: deoxyribonuclease - No S cells appear

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29
Q

These scientists proved that DNA is the transforming principle using T2 bacteriophages.

A

Alfred Hershey,
Martha Chase
(1952)

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30
Q

What does T2 bacteriophage infect?

A

Escherichia coli

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31
Q

This is what Hershey and Chase used in their experiment, in which it consists both protein and DNA selectively incorporated by radioactive isotopes for tracing of bacterial infection.

A

T2 bacteriophages

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32
Q

Radioactive isotopes in T2 bacteriophage

A

32-phosphate (DNA)
35-sulfur (Protein)

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33
Q

This scientist discovered the content of DNA.

A

Phoebus Levene

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34
Q

Levene discovered the following:

A
  • order of the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)
  • Ribose (carb of RNA)
  • Deoxyribose (Carb of DNA)
  • correctly identify the way RNA and DNA are put together
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35
Q

T/F: Ribose/deoxyribose is a pentose sugar.

A

True

36
Q

This scientist discovered that the nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species.

A

Erwin Chargaff

37
Q

Chargaff Rules

A
  1. A = T, C = G
  2. (A+G) = (C+T)
38
Q

T/F: The “Chargaff Rules” are considered basis for double helix structure.

A

True

39
Q

These scientists were able to generate two sets of high-resolution photos of crystallized DNA fibers.

A

Rosalind Franklin,
Raymond Gosling
(1951)

40
Q

This scientist was offered a 3-year research at King’s College to improve the X-ray Crystallography unit.

A

Rosalind Franklin

41
Q

T/F: Franklin deduced that the phosphates were outside, not hinting a helical structure.

A

False

yun ung hint xD

42
Q

This scientist borrowed Photo 51 and passed onto Watson and Crick.

A

Maurice Wilkins

43
Q

This is the unsung hero who recruited Franklin among the issue of gender bias in the scientific field.

A

John Randall

44
Q

The Plate Model was done by?

A

Watson and Crick

45
Q

These scientists provided experimental proof for semiconservative replication.

A

Matthew Meselson,
Franklin Stahl
(1957)

46
Q

What did Meselson and Stahl invent?

A

density gradient centrifugation

47
Q

This uses centrifugal force to separate molecules based on densities.

A

density gradient centrifugation

48
Q

This scientist enunciated the concept of “Central Dogma of Molecular Biology”

A

Francis Crick (1958)

49
Q

Ideology for Crick’s’ Central Dogma

A
  • Protein does not revert back to DNA/RNA
  • Some convert RNA to DNA
50
Q

RT-PCR stands for?

A

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

51
Q

In which virus does reverse transcriptase come from?

A

HIV

52
Q

PCR

A

RNA to complementary DNA

53
Q

This scientist utilized fruit flies for the Chromosome theory.

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

54
Q

Scientific name for fruit flies

A

Drosophila melanogaster

55
Q

This scientist discovered that if there is variation in DNA, there is also variation in expression with the use of hereditary characteristics of fruit flies.

A

Hermann J. Muller (1927)

56
Q

This scientist provided the first detailed description of transposable elements, known as jumping genes, through maize.

A

Barbara McClintok

57
Q

Jumping genes are also referred to as?

A

transposons

58
Q

This scientist isolated and discovered DNA polymerase I.

A

Arthur Kornberg

59
Q

This scientist won the Nobel Prize for enzymatic synthesis for DNA.

A

Arthur Kornberg

60
Q

This scientist won the Nobel Prize for enzymatic synthesis for RNA.

A

Severo Ochoa

61
Q

These scientists discovered messenger RNA and bacterial operons.

A

Francois Jacob,
Andrew Lwoff,
Jacques Monod

62
Q

This is considered as the intermediary between DNA and its protein products, and contains the instruction for protein or antibody.

A

messenger RNA

63
Q

These are protein-binding regulatory sequences.

A

bacterial operons

64
Q

T/F: mRNA cannot enter the nucleus.

A

True

65
Q

These scientists first unlocked the genetic code.

A

Marshall Nirenberg,
Har Gobind Khorana,
Philip Leder,
Heinrich Matthari
(1963 and 1966)

66
Q

What was the first discovered genetic code?

A

AUG (Methionine)

67
Q

This scientist discovered transfer RNA.

A

Robert Holley

68
Q

These scientists discovered Restriction Endonucleases technology.

A

Messelson, Werner Asber,
Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith
(1969 and 1970)

69
Q

These scientists discovered Recombinant DNA technology.

A

Paul Berg, Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer

70
Q

This scientist discovered DNA sequencing.

A

Frederick Sanger

71
Q

These scientists discovered the Reverse Transcriptase enzyme and study tumor virus activity.

A

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbeco, Howard Temin

72
Q

This scientist discovered the taxonomy of 16s rRNA, resulting to a tree of life.

A

Carl Woese

73
Q

What domain did Woese discovered?

A

third domain, Archae

74
Q

This scientist introduced the Maxam-Gilbert DNA sequencing.

A

Walter Gilbert, Allan Maxam (1977)

75
Q

This scientist proposes existence of introns and exons.

A

Walter Gilbert (1978)

76
Q

In 1986, what was proposed by Gilbert as the origins of life?

A

RNA world

77
Q

Ribozymes

A

Thomas Cech, Sidney Altman (1986)

78
Q

Nucleic acid-protein complexes

A

Aaron Klug (1981)

79
Q

Spearhead of the Human Genome Project

A

James Watson (1989)

80
Q

Knockout mice technique

A

Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies (1989)

81
Q

Cloning of “Dolly” the sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured cell line

A

Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut (1996)

82
Q

This scientist discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis (1993)

83
Q

RNA interference

A

Craig Mello, Andrew Fire (1998)

84
Q

Crystal structure of the ribosome

A

Thomas Steitz

85
Q

These scientists discovered CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing mechanism/

A

Emanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Anne Doudna (2011)

MT6319 MOLBIO (10 decks)

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