U.3 K.A-6 Specific Cellular Defences Against Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the third line of defence described as non-specific or specific?

A

Specific

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2
Q

Which group of cells in the immune system bring about a specific immune response?

A
  • T lymphocytes

- B lymphocytes

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3
Q

All lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow. If they pass to the thymus to complete development, what do they become?

A

T lymphocytes

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4
Q

If lymphocytes complete all their development in the bone marrow, what type of lymphocyte do they become?

A

B lymphocytes

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5
Q

What name is given to any foreign molecule that is able to elicit a specific immune response from a lymphocyte?

A

Antigen

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6
Q

Give some examples of antigens.

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Cancer cells
  • Molecules on the surface of transplanted cells
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7
Q

There are a number of different lymphocytes. What is found on the surface of every lymphocyte that makes each lymphocyte different?

A

A different antigen receptor

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8
Q

What is each antigen receptor on the surface of each lymphocyte specific to?

A

One type of antigen

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9
Q

Whenever an antigen attaches to the specific antigen receptors on a lymphocyte, the lymphocyte is activated and responds by dividing repeatedly to form identical lymphocytes. What is this called?

A

A clonal population

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10
Q

Whenever an antigen enters the body, the B lymphocytes respond by producing what?

A

Antibodies

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11
Q

What shape is an antibody?

A

Y-shaped

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12
Q

What is found at the end of each arm of the Y-shaped antibody?

A

A receptor specific to a particular antigen

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13
Q

When a B lymphocyte becomes activated by the presence of an antigen, it responds by making a clone of B lymphocytes which all make antibody. What other cells are made to produce antibodies of the same type again in the future?

A

Memory B cells

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14
Q

What name is given to the combination formed when the antibody binds to the foreign antigen?

A

Antigen-antibody complex

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15
Q

The antigen-antibody complex renders a pathogen inactive. What cells come along and destroy the pathogen(disease causing foreign molecule) by phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes

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16
Q

What happens when B lymphocytes respond to a harmless substance such as pollen, dust or feathers?

A

An allergic reaction occurs

17
Q

In hayfever, which is an allergic reaction, B lymphocytes produce antibodies which then attach to which cells in the connective tissue?

A

The mast cells

18
Q

During an allergic reaction, mast cells over produce which substance which causes, nasal congestion and constricted airways?

A

Histamine

19
Q

During anaphylactic shock, so much histamine is released that the blood vessels undergo so much vasodilation. What happens to the blood pressure that can cause death?

A

The blood pressure drops suddenly

20
Q

Whenever a phagocyte captures a pathogen, it normally presents some of the pathogen’s antigen on the phagocyte surface. What name is given to the phagocyte in this state?

A

Antigen-presenting cell

21
Q

What recognises and binds with these antigens on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell?

A

A T lymphocyte that has the specific antigen receptor that recognises that particular antigen

22
Q

When an antigen-presenting cell becomes attached to a T lymphocyte, what two things happen?

A
  • A clonal population of T lymphocytes are made

- Memory T cells are made

23
Q

The T lymphocytes try and destroy the infected body cells by which process of programmed cell death?

A

Apoptosis

24
Q

Apoptosis by T lymphocytes destroy the majority of the infected cell. Which process follows apoptosis to remove any remaining parts?

A

Phagocytosis

25
Q

What name is given to cells that the body recognises as part of that person and unique to them?

A

Self cells

26
Q

Normally T lymphocytes do not attack ‘self cells’ and only attack ‘non-self cells’. If they attack self cells, what is this called?

A

Autoimmunity

27
Q

What autoimmune disease is characterised by the T lymphocytes attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?

A

Type 1 diabetes

28
Q

Name another autoimmune disease where the joints become inflamed.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

29
Q

What name is given to the first time a body produces antibodies to a disease?

A

Primary response

30
Q

If a person survives an earlier exposure to a certain pathogen and then becomes exposed again later, what response kicks in?

A

Secondary response

31
Q

In which three ways, is the secondary immune response better than the primary response in preventing a disease second time around?

A
  • Antibody production is more rapid
  • Produced at a higher level
  • Lasts for a longer time
32
Q

Which cells ensure that the secondary immune response is made possible?

A

Memory cells

33
Q

Which lymphocytes are attacked by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)?

A

T lymphocytes

34
Q

What disease follows HIV where the person is susceptible to opportunistic infections such as pneumonia and rare forms of cancer because their immune system is so weak?

A

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)