U.3 K.A-5 Non-Specific Body Defences

Question 1

What name is given to any organism that can cause disease?

Answer 1

Pathogen

Question 2

Name two things that could be classed as pathogens.

Answer 2

• Bacteria

- Virus

Question 3

How many lines of defence are employed by the body to protect itself from pathogens?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

Which lines of defence in the body are non-specific?

Answer 4

The first two lines of defence

Question 5

Which line of defence in the body is specific?

Answer 5

The third line of defence

Question 6

Name the physical barrier that we all have to try and keep pathogens from entering the body>

Answer 6

Skin

Question 7

Name the substance produced by the stomach to kill pathogens.

Answer 7

Hydrochloric acid

Question 8

Name the substance produced by the epithelial cells in the lining of the tracheas that traps microbes.

Answer 8

Mucus

Question 9

Name the hairs in the tracheas that move mucus up to the top of the mouth for swallowing or spitting out.

Answer 9

Cilia

Question 10

What is the name of the enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests bacterial cell walls?

Answer 10

Lysozyme

Question 11

How do sweat glands in the skin kill microbes?

Answer 11

The sweat glands keep the skin at too low a pH for microbes to thrive

Question 12

What level of defence is the inflammatory response?

Answer 12

Second level

Question 13

When is the inflammatory response used by the body?

Answer 13

When it suffers a physical injury such as a cut or invasion by microorganisms

Question 14

What cells are activated in the connective tissue when the body suffers an injury?

Answer 14

Mast cells

Question 15

What do mast cells contain?

Answer 15

Histamine

Question 16

What does histamine do to blood vessels?

Answer 16

Causes them to dilate and become more permeable

Question 17

What name is given to the dilation of the blood vessels during the inflammatory response following the release of histamine?

Answer 17

Vasodilation

Question 18

Which type of white blood cell is released during the inflammatory response?

Answer 18

Phagocytes

Question 19

Name the cell-signalling molecule released by the phagocytes that attract more phagocytes to the site of injury.

Answer 19

Cytokines

Question 20

During the inflammatory response, as well as phagocytes gathering at the site of infection or injury, what else is released to clot the blood and prevent further blood loss?

Answer 20

Blood-clotting chemicals

Question 21

Name the process that the phagocytes carry out during the inflammatory response.

Answer 21

Phagocytosis

Question 22

During phagocytosis what does the phagocyte move towards?

Answer 22

The bacteria or other pathogen that needs to be destroyed

Question 23

What does the cell membrane infolding round a bacterium form during phagocytosis?

Answer 23

A vacuole

Question 24

Name the tiny vesicles present in a phagocyte that are full of digestive bacteria.

Answer 24

Lysosomes

Question 25

What is left when the digestive enzyme digests the bacteria trapped in the vacuole during phagocytosis?

Answer 25

Pus