U2- PP1 psychological theories

Question 1

Cognitive approach

Answer 1

• information processing approach. process on how human thoghts work

Question 2

Humanistic approach

Answer 2

• belief in free will. individual has the ability to choose how they act
• Maslow- free will is necessary to become fully functioning human beings

Question 3

Psychodynamic approach

Answer 3

behaviour determined by unconscious factors, thoughts, wishes and memories

Question 4

Behaviourist approach

Answer 4

• pereceptions of phobias
• treatment based on modifying maladaptive behaviours throuigh sustitution of new responses

Question 5

Type A personality

Answer 5

• ambitious
• organised
• impatient
• punctual
• irritable

Question 6

Type B personality

Answer 6

• laid back
• not competitve
• not as ambitious

Question 7

What personality type is better

Answer 7

neither A or B is inheritently better than the other but type B are able to maintain stress and have a balanced life

Question 8

Obedience and work of Milgram

Answer 8

• type of social influence by complyig to the demands of an authority figure
• ‘Germans are different hypothesis’

Question 9

Milgram’s excperiement

Answer 9

• 40 American males aged 20-50 were teachers
• every incorrect answer learner got, teacher was forced to administer a shock ranging from 15v to 450v

Question 10

Results from Milgram’s experiment

Answer 10

-62.5% obeyed all the time and went up to 450v
- 100% went up to at least 300v
- ‘Germans are different’ hypothesis is clearly false

Question 11

How can Milgram link to UPS

Answer 11

Shows recruits in basic training are more likely to listen and follow the commands of authority figures as they are scared of being shamed or told off

Question 12

Autonomous state

Answer 12

individuals see themselves as personally responsible for their actions

Question 13

Agentic state

Answer 13

individualo sees themselves working as an agent for an authority figure so dont see themselves as personally responsible

Question 14

Maslows hierarch of needs

Answer 14

-5 steps from lowest to highest
1. physiological needs
2. safety needs
3. belonging
4. esteem
5. self actualisation

Question 15

Freud

Answer 15

• ID: instinctive part of the mind
• Ego: realistic part whihc meditates between ID and superego
• Superego: morality operates as a moral conscience

Question 16

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 16

Nature: genetics and factors that are inherited
- Nurture- refers to the variables of the envirnment

Question 17

Situational theory

Answer 17

behaviour is determined by the envirnment or situation

Question 18

Leadership styles

Answer 18

• Hersey and Blanchard 4 leadership styles
  1. telling
  2. selling
  3. participating
  4. delegating

Question 19

Hersey and Blanchards levels of maturity

Answer 19

M1- members lack knowledge, skills or willingness to complete a task
M2- members are willing but lack ability
M3- members have skills and capability but unwilling to take responsibilty
M4- members highly skilled and willing to complete the task

Question 20

Social reionforcement

Answer 20

-reinforcers such as smiles, ascceptance and praise
- being in presecnce of others

Question 21

Interactionist theory

Answer 21

• social processes from human interaction
• how individuals shape and are shaped by society

Question 22

Subjective norms

Answer 22

• belief an important person or group will approve a particular behaviour

Question 23

Dwecks mindset theory

Answer 23

we all have different beliefs about underlying nature of ability
- growth mindset
- fixed mindset

Question 24

Fixed mindset

Answer 24

• personality traits are fixed
• success based on fixed ability
• belief abilities, intelligence, talents are just fixed traits

Question 25

Growth mindset

Answer 25

• personality traits attributed to learning, effort, training and practice
• belief that they can get smarter but know that effort makes them stronger