U2 KA2

Question 1

Name 4 ATP uses.

Answer 1

• active transport
• anabolic reactions
• muscle contraction
• phosphorylate the substrate.

Question 2

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 2

• the breakdown of Glucose (6C) into 2x Pyruvate (3C).
• Occurs in the cytoplasm.
• there is a net gain of 2 ATP.

Question 3

What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes?

Answer 3

• to remove hydrogen ions and electrons form glucose, and pass the to the coenzyme NAD.

Question 4

What is the critic acid cycle?

Answer 4

• CO2 is removed from Pyruvate (3C) to form Acetyl (2C).
• Acetyl (2C) combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl-Coenzyme A (2C).
• Acetyl-Coenzyme A (2C) combines with Oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate (6C).
• as CO2 is removed, Intermediates are formed, gradually regenerating back into Oxaloacetate.

Question 5

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 5

• The Matrix of the mitochondria.

Question 6

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 6

• there is a series of carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• NADH from glycolysis releases hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETC.
• the electrons are passed from one protein to another.
• the proteins use energy in electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane and out of the matrix.

Question 7

What is the role of ATP synthase?

Answer 7

• to generate ATP due to the flow of ions back across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 8

What is the role of oxygen in the ETC?

Answer 8

• it acts as the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor.

Question 9

How does increasing the number of inner mitochondrial membrane folds effect ATP production?

Answer 9

• the greater the number of folds, the more surface area there is.
• this means that there is more ATP synthase molecules present, and more ATP is produced.

Question 10

When and where does fermentation occur?

Answer 10

• when there is no oxygen present, fermentation will occur in the cytoplasm.

Question 11

What are the stages of fermentation in Animals?

Answer 11

• Pyruvate (3C) is converted to Lactate (3C).
• this is a reversible reaction.

Question 12

What are the stages of fermentation in Plants?

Answer 12

• Pyruvate (3C) is converted to Ethanol (2C) and Carbon Dioxide (1C).
• this is an irreversible reaction.