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Higher Human Biology > U2: 14- Structure And Function Of The Heart > Flashcards

U2: 14- Structure And Function Of The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart.

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
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2
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries blood towards the heart?

A

Veins

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3
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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4
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body (one branch from the upper parts of the body and one branch from the lower parts of the body) back to the heart and enters the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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5
Q

Name the chamber that blood travels to from the right atrium.

A

Right ventricle

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6
Q

Name the valve through which blood travels as it goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

A

AV Valve (atrio-ventricular valve)

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7
Q

What does the AV valve on the right side of the heart prevent?

A

Backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

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8
Q

Blood travels to the lungs from the right ventricle through which blood vessel?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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9
Q

As blood travels from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, name the valve that it passes through.

A

Semi-lunar valve

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10
Q

What does the semi-lunar valve on the right side of the heart prevent?

A

Backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle

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11
Q

What does blood travelling to the lungs from the pulmonary artery pick up at the lungs?

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

What name is given to blood rich in oxygen?

A

Oxygenated blood

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13
Q

What name is given to blood low in oxygen?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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14
Q

Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the left atrium of the heart from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary vein

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15
Q

Is the blood returning to the left atrium oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated

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16
Q

What chamber does blood from the left atrium go to?

A

Left ventricle

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17
Q

Name the valve present between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

A

AV valve

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18
Q

What does the AV valve on the left side of the heart prevent?

A

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium

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19
Q

Which ventricle wall is thicker and why?

A

Left ventricle wall. It has to withstand the pressure of blood travelling to all round the body from here, whereas blood leaving from the right ventricle is only travelling a relatively short distance to the lungs so is not under as much pressure.

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20
Q

Blood travels from the left ventricle out of the heart through which blood vessel?

A

Aorta

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21
Q

Name the valve present between the aorta and the left ventricle.

A

Semi-lunar valve

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22
Q

What does the semi-lunar valve on the left side of the heart prevent?

A

Backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle

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23
Q

Name the two veins associated with the heart.

A

Vena cava and pulmonary vein

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24
Q

Name the two arteries associated with the heart.

A

Pulmonary artery and aorta

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25
Q

What is unique about the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein?

A

They are the only artery and vein in the body that switches the rule regarding arteries carrying oxygenated blood and veins carrying deoxygenated blood. PA carries deoxygenated blood and PV carries oxygenated blood.

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26
Q

What is the other term for heart rate?

A

Pulse

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27
Q

What units are used to measure heart rate/pulse?

A

Beats per minute

28
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood expelled by each ventricle on contraction

29
Q

What figure is given if the heart rate is multiplied by the stroke volume?

A

Cardiac output

30
Q

What is the cardiac output equation?

A

CO = HR x SV

31
Q

What name is given to the pattern of systole and diastole shown by the heart in one heartbeat?

A

Cardiac cycle

32
Q

What name is given to the contraction of the heart?

33
Q

What name is given to the relaxation of the heart?

34
Q

What are the three stages to the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole, ventricular systole, (atrial and ventricular) diastole

35
Q

Describe the state of the atria, ventricles, and valves during atrial systole.

A
  • atria contracting
  • ventricles relaxing
  • AV valves open
  • SL valves shut
36
Q

Describe the state of the atria, ventricles, and valves during ventricular systole.

A
  • atria relaxing
  • ventricles contracting
  • AV valves closed
  • SL valves open
37
Q

Describe the state of the atria, ventricles, and valves during diastole.

A
  • atria & ventricles relaxed
  • AV valves about to open
  • SL valves closed
38
Q

How do you work out someone’s heart rate if you are given the time each stage of the cardiac cycle takes?

A
  • add the 3 times together

* divide 60 by this ⬆️ answer

39
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

40
Q

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

A

The atria contracting (atrial systole)

41
Q

What does the QRS wave represent on an ECG?

A

The ventricles contracting (ventricular systole)

42
Q

What does the T wave represent on an ECG?

A

The atria & ventricles relaxing (diastole)

43
Q

What initiates the heartbeat?

A

The SAN/sino-atrial node/pacemaker

44
Q

Where in the heart is the SAN located?

A

The wall of the right atrium

45
Q

When the SAN releases an electrical impulse what is first to contract?

A

The atria (atrial systole)

46
Q

When the atria contract following electrical excitation which node picks this up?

A

Atrioventricular node/AV node

47
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

The base of the atria

48
Q

When the electrical impulses during conduction of the heart reach the AV node where is the electrical impulse passed to?

A

Along two conducting fibres to the apex of the heart

49
Q

When the electrical impulses during conduction of the heart pass along the conducting fibres to the apex of the heart what happens to the ventricles?

A

They contract (ventricular systole)

50
Q

What name is given to the two nerves of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

51
Q

What word is used to describe the fact that as one nerve of the autonomic nervous system has one effect on the body the other nerve has the opposite effect?

A

Antagonistic

52
Q

Which nerve of the autonomic nervous system causes the heart rate to increase?

A

Sympathetic nerve

53
Q

Which nerve of the autonomic nervous system causes the heart rate to decrease?

A

Parasympathetic nerve

54
Q

Name the hormone that can increase the rate of the pacemaker.

A

Adrenaline

55
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nerve.

A

Noradrenaline

56
Q

Name the neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerve.

A

Acetylcholine

57
Q

What is the blood pressure a measure of?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels when the heart is undergoing systole and again during diastole.

58
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading?

A

120mmHg/80mmHg

59
Q

What is the instrument used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

60
Q

In step one of using the sphygmomanometer, the cuff is inflated until the blood stops flowing in an artery. This will be detected when no pulse can be heard with a stethoscope. The cuff will then gradually be deflated to allow blood through again. How will this be detected?

A

The stethoscope will allow a pulse to be heard

61
Q

What reading is first taken with a stethoscope when the pulse is heard for the first time during a blood pressure reading?

A

Systolic pressure

62
Q

What reading is taken with a stethoscope when the pulse disappears after the systolic pressure is taken?

A

Diastolic pressure

63
Q

What figures would indicate high blood pressure?

A

140mmHg/90mmHg and anything over

64
Q

What is the other name for high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

65
Q

What problems can hypertension cause later in life?

A

Strokes and heart disease

66
Q

What factors can contribute to high blood pressure?

A
  • being overweight
  • not taking enough exercise
  • consuming too much salt
  • drinking excessively on a regular basis
  • eating a diet rich in fat (especially animal fat)
  • stress

Higher Human Biology (24 decks)

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