U1: 7- Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What name is given to the series of metabolic pathways that brings about the release of energy from a foodstuff and the regeneration of ATP?
Respiration
A molecule of ATP is composed of what two components?
Adenosine and three molecules of inorganic phosphate
When ATP breaks down what is formed?
ADP and Pi
What is released during the breaking of the terminal bond in ATP?
Energy
Name 3 processes in the body that require ATP.
- muscle contraction
- nerve impulses
- protein synthesis
What name is given to the process by which phosphate is added to ADP?
Phosphorylation
Name the 3 stages in respiration.
- glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
Name the two phases of glycolysis.
Energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
How many ATPs need to be invested in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
2ATPs
How many ATPs are made during the energy payoff phase to give a net gain of 2ATPs?
4ATPs
What enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from glucose?
Dehydrogenase enzymes
Name the coenzyme molecule that acts as a carrier of the hydrogen ions and electrons.
NAD
What does NAD become when H+ ions and electrons are picked up by it?
NADH
Where are all the H+ ions and electrons taken to by the NADH?
The electron transport chain
Is oxygen required for glycolysis?
No
Under what conditions will the next stage, the citric acid cycle, take place?
Oxygen must be present
What is the final product of glycolysis that passes to the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate
Where does pyruvate diffuse into to take part in the citric acid cycle?
The central matrix of the mitochondria
What does pyruvate combine with to form citrate in the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate
What do dehydrogenase enzymes do during the citric acid cycle?
Remove hydrogen ions and electrons
What gas is released as a waste gas during the citric acid cycle?
Carbon dioxide
What does citrate break down into during the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate
Name the carrier that transports the hydrogen ions and electrons to the 3rd stage of respiration.
NAD
How many ATPs are made during the citric acid cycle?
1ATP
What does the electron transport chain consist of?
A series of electron acceptors
What is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Electrons
There is enough energy released to drive the reaction between ADP and Pi how many times?
35
Which enzyme is used to join ADP and Pi together during the electron transport chain?
ATP synthase
What is the name of the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
Whenever hydrogen ions combine with oxygen during the electron transport chain what is formed?
Water
Is oxygen needed for the electron transport chain?
Yes because it acts as the final electron acceptor
Name some energy requiring processes in the body.
- nerve impulses
- protein synthesis
- muscle contraction
Why is it that at any given time the body has a fairly constant amount of ATP, some 50g, yet it is constantly being made?
It is being broken down just as fast as it is being made
