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MT6322 MYCOVIRO > U1 LEC: INTRO TO MYCOLOGY (PART 1) > Flashcards

U1 LEC: INTRO TO MYCOLOGY (PART 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Discipline of biology that deals with, describes a enormous group of organisms denominated fungi

A

Mycology

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2
Q

Other term for fungal infection

A

Mycoses

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3
Q

Highlights the productive or beneficial effects and applications of this field of science, particularly in the area of agriculture, biotechnology and environmental biology

A

Good Mycology

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4
Q

Examples of good mycology

A
  • Fermentation
  • Saccharomyces cerevisae (Baker’s yeast)
  • Penicllin (antibiotic)
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5
Q

This implicates that fungi are a cause of multiple phenomena that have deleterious effect on environment and health

A

Bad Mycology

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6
Q

under Good Mycology

A
  • Transformation and recycling of dead material
  • Recycling of carbon and other minerals
  • Provide nutrients to the plants
  • Important Biotechnological tool (yeast)
  • Source of secondary metabolites for production of antibiotics and immunosuppresive drugs (Cyclosporin A)
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7
Q

These are significant phytopathogens, causing life threatening disease in patients with risk factors.

A

Bad Mycology

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8
Q

Main eukaryotic models in genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and metabolism

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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8
Q

Fungi used in biological research

A
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Schizosaccharomyces pombe
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9
Q

Key organism in understanding the mechanism of regulation of the cell cycle

A

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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10
Q

Distinct difference of eukaryotic from prokaryotic

A

presence of nuclear membrane

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11
Q

Non motile, eukaryotic organisms, can be single celled or usually very complex multicellular organisms

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Fungi is a diverse group made up of?

A
  • classic pathogens
  • environmental saprobes
  • parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll
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13
Q

Eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll

A

Achlorophyllous

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14
Q

T/F: Fungi reside in nature and found in any habitat, more common in land than in water.

A

True

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15
Q

Fungi are ______________ aerobes

A

obligate/facultative

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16
Q

T/F: Facultative aerobes may or may not require Oxygen.

A

True

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17
Q

Fungi may live as what type of organisms?

A
  • heterotrophs
  • saprotrophs
  • parasitic
  • chemotropic
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18
Q

This type of organisms feed on other living organisms for nutrients.

A

Heterotrophs

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19
Q

This type of organisms feed on dead organelles.

A

Saprotrophs

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20
Q

This type of organisms are dependent on host.

A

Parasitic

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21
Q

This type of organisms secretes enzymes that degrade a wide range of organic substrates into soluble nutrients which are then transported into the cell through passive absorption or active transport.

A

Chemotrophic

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22
Q

T/F: Chemotrophic fungi simplifies complex materials for easy absorption.

A

True

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23
Q

Main difference of cell wall of plants and fungi

A

Plant: cellulose
Fungi: chitin

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24
Q

Fungi are subdivided on basis of?

A
  • life cycles
  • presence or structure of fruiting body
  • arrangement and type of spores
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25
Q

Layman’s description of fungi

A
  • Mold
  • Mildew
  • Mushroom
  • Bracket Fungi
  • Puffballs
  • Truffles
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26
Q

Similarities of Plants and Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic (numerous organelles)
  • has cell walls
  • anchored on soil or other subtrates
  • reproduction can be asexual or sexual
  • stationary
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27
Q

Difference of plants and fungi

Nucleus

A

Fungi: Multinucleated

Plant: Single nucleus

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28
Q

Difference of plants and fungi

Type of organism

A

Fungi: Heterotroph

Plant: Autotroph

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29
Q

Difference of plants and fungi

Main storage product

A

Fungi: Glycogen

Plant: Starch

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30
Q

Difference of plants and fungi

Cell Wall

A

Fungi: Chitin

Plants: Cellulose

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31
Q

Difference of plants and fungi

Reproduction

A

Fungi: not by seed

Plants: some by seed

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32
Q

Sterols in prokaryotes are absent except in?

A

Mycoplasmataceae

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33
Q

Part of the fungi that produces fruit (spores).

A

Fruiting bodies

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34
Q

This is a single vegetative cell

A

Yeast

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35
Q

Yeast appearance in culture

A

smooth, creamy colony without aerial hypha

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36
Q

Yeast is reproduced by?

A

budding or fission

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37
Q

Yeast reproduce by?

A

budding or fission

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38
Q

Yeast can be identified using?

A

Biochemical test and Molecular Diagnostic methods

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39
Q

Molds grow in multicellular filaments called?

A

hyphae

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40
Q

Example of Yeast

A

Candida spp.

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41
Q

These are made up of tubular branches, having multiple genetically identical nuclei, yet form a single organism, known as a colony.

A

Molds

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42
Q

Example for Molds

A

Trichophyton

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43
Q

Molds have an appearance of?

A

aerial hyphae

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44
Q

This has 2 forms, specifically yeast & mold, and are agents of systemic mycosis.

A

Dimorphic

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45
Q

Skeletal components of Cell Wall

A
  • Chitin
  • B Glucan
  • Mannan
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46
Q

T/F: All components contributes to Cell Wall rigidity.

A

True

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47
Q

This refers to adjustment to shape of the habitat.

A

plasticity

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48
Q

The cell wall acts as:

A
  • carrier of specific antigen characteristics
  • filter controlling materials that enter the fungal protoplast
  • site of various extracellular enzymes
  • reservoir of carbohydrates
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49
Q

Cell Wall matrix consists of:

A

water-soluble polysaccharide (Glucan, Glycoprotein)

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50
Q

Miscellaneous CW component

A

Melanin

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51
Q

Melanin contributes to?

A

fungal virulence

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52
Q

Importance of Melanin in CW

A
  • contributes to fungal virulence
  • improves resistance to environmental damage
  • important for invasion and dissemination
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53
Q

Melanin improves resistance to environmental damage such as?

A

extreme temperature, UV light, toxins

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54
Q

Membrane bound organelles in Fungi

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondrion
  • E.R.
  • Golgi bodies
  • Microbodies
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55
Q

These are plaque-like structure which plays the role of the centrosome by initiating organization of microtubule, during mitosis.

A

Spindle Polar Bodies (SPBs)

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56
Q

SPBs are embedded in the nuclear envelope for the entire cycle in?

A

budding yeast

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57
Q

These are vesicles associated with filamentous material.

A

Filasomes

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58
Q

These are found numerous at the tip of actively growing hypha

A

Filasomes

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59
Q

This refers to the body of the fungi.

A

Thallus

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60
Q

A web of filaments or hypha constitutes a?

A

Mycelium

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61
Q

This is a non-motile thallus constructed of apically elongated walled filaments.

A

Molds

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62
Q

These are branches or filamentous structures of fungi.

A

Hypha

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63
Q

These are filamentous tubular structures that grow by elongation (like thread) at the tip; or by branching that contain numerous nuclei distributed throughout.

A

Hypha

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64
Q

This refers to the entire, vegetative body of the hypha

A

Thallus

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65
Q

This is where the hyphal structures are interrupted at some points (at regular intervals) by partitions or cross walls

A

Septate

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66
Q

This is when portions of hyphae grow vigorously resulting in lack of regularly spaced septa.

A

Non septate

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67
Q

Other terms for Non septate

A
  • Aseptate
  • Coenocytic
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68
Q

Elements within the Hypha:

A
  • Spitzenkorper
  • Fungal cytoskeleton
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69
Q

This is the organizing center necessary for long range transport of vesicles, via cytoskeleton.

A

Spitzenkorper

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70
Q

This is described as nuggets of vesicles in the hyphal tip that is important in the growth process.

A

Spitzenkorper

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71
Q

These are important in filamentous fungi.

A

Fungal cytoskeleton

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72
Q

Importance of Fungal cytoskeleton

A
  • important in regulation of fungal cell morphogenesis
  • delivery of cell membrane and cell wall components to growing hyphal tip and to septum
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73
Q

This portion of the aerial hypha that bears the reproductive spores or conidia.

A

Reproductive hypha

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74
Q

Hypha that projects above the medium and produce reproductive spores.

A

Aerial hypha

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75
Q

These are portions of the hypha that penetrates the supporting medium and absorbs nutrient.

A

Vegetative Hypha

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76
Q

These are root like structures in fungi.

A

Rhizoids

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77
Q

Types of Hyphal Elements

Accdg to presence or absence of crosswall

A
  • Septate
  • Nonseptate
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78
Q

Types of Hyphal Elements

Accdg to presence of Pigmentation

A
  • Hyaline (Moniliaceous)
  • Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)
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79
Q

Non pigmented or lightly pigmented

A

Hyaline (Moniliaceous)

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80
Q

Darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall

A

Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)

81
Q

Hyphal shapes

A
  • Antler (Favic Chandelier)
  • Racquet
  • Spiral
  • Pectinate
  • Rhizoids
  • Nodular organ
82
Q

Fungi with Spiral hyphae

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

83
Q

Fungi with Pectinate body

A

Microsporum audouinii

84
Q

Fungi with Antler hyphae

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

85
Q

Fungi with Nodular organ

A

Microsporum canis

86
Q

Fungi with Racquet hyphae

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

87
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Habitat

A

Yeast: fruit and berries, stomach of mammals and on skin

Molds: damp, dark, steam-filled areas

88
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Cell

A

Yeast: Unicellular

Molds: Multicellular

89
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Shape

A

Yeast: Round or oval

Molds: Filamentous or threadlike

90
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Growth Appearance

A

Yeast: White, butterlike consistency

Molds: Fuzzy appearance, orange/green/black/brown

91
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Hyphae

A

Yeast: do not have true hyphae, have pseudo-hyphae instead

Molds: have hyphae

92
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Reproduction

A

Yeast: Asexual (budding), Blastospores

Molds: Sexual and asexual

93
Q

Molds

Asexual spores

A
  • Sporangiospores
  • Conidia
94
Q

Molds

Sexual spores

A
  • Zygospores
  • Ascospores
  • Basidiospores
95
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Beneficial Use

A

Yeast: alcoholic beverages, baking, bioremediation, industrial ethanol production, probiotics

Molds: biodegradation, food production

96
Q

Differences between Yeast and Molds

Health Hazard

A

Yeast: infection to immunocompromised patients

Molds: cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems

97
Q

T/F: Yeast is not an opportunistic pathogen.

98
Q

Having only one growth phase

A

Monomorphism

99
Q

Examples of Monomorphism

A

Yeast, yeast-like organism

100
Q

This is the ability of fungi to exist in two forms (yeast or mold) depending on growth condition

A

Dimorphism

101
Q

Examples of Dimorphism

A

Blastomyces, Coccidioides

102
Q

This is the ability to have both yeast and mold form in the same culture, regardless of temperature.

A

Polymorphism

103
Q

Examples of Polymorphism

A

Exophiala spp.

104
Q

Life cycle of Fungi

A
  • Somatic phase
  • Reproductive phase
105
Q

This is considered as the feeding stage or energy absorption.

A

Somatic phase

106
Q

This stage is for spore production.

A

Reproductive phase

107
Q

T/F: Isolation of spores is done for identification of reproductive phase.

108
Q

Fungi that reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Perfect Fungi

109
Q

Fungi that reproduce by asexual means

A

Fungi Imperfecti

110
Q

This involves the body of a fungal thallus, no production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy.

A

Vegetative Reproduction

111
Q

Asexual reproduction is through?

112
Q

Types of Asexual reproduction

A
  • Fragmentation
  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Spore formation
113
Q

Occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into pieces, with each component growing into a separate mycelium.

A

Fragmentation

114
Q

This is the pinching off of an offspring from the parent cell.

115
Q

T/F: In budding, the offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent.

116
Q

Simple splitting of a cell into two daughter cells

117
Q

This is a reproductive structure of fungi, and some other organisms, containing one or more cells.

118
Q

This is a small unit of propagule capable of giving rise to a new individual.

119
Q

These are readily dispersed and capable of germination when growth conditions are favorable.

120
Q

Spores are more resistant to?

A

adverse condition

121
Q

Spores can be derived from both?

A

asexual and sexual reproduction

122
Q

These are produced after mitosis without involvement of meiosis, and are genetically identical.

A

Asexual spores

123
Q

Simplest mechanism of spore formation

A

differentiation of preformed mycelium

124
Q

Spores generated from asexual reproduction is termed as?

A

Thallospores

125
Q

Major Types of Asexual Spores

A
  • Sporangiospores
  • Conidia
126
Q

Spores that are produced in a sporangium (end of sporangiophores)

A

Sporangiospores

127
Q

Enclosed, sac-like structure at the end of sporangiophores

A

Sporangium

128
Q

Attachment point of sporangiospores

129
Q

Spores produced at the tip or side of hyphae, on stalk, or conidiophores

130
Q

Special spore-producing structures

A

Conidiophores

131
Q

Types of Conidia

A
  • Arhtrospores
  • Chlamydospores
  • Blastospores
  • Phialospores
  • Macroconidia
  • Microconidia
  • Porospores
132
Q

Process of conidium formation

A

Conidiogenesis

133
Q

Conidia differentiate via expansion from the conidiogenous cell

134
Q

The cell wall of this cell is locally weakened and the developing conidium bulges out, and is delineated by a septum.

135
Q

Expansion of a cell that includes the complete cell wall (inner and outer) of the conidiogenous cell

A

Holoblastic

136
Q

The cell wall of the conidiogenous cell is disrupted and conidium appears through an opening in the cell wall.

A

Enteroblastic

137
Q

Preexisting cell differentiates into a conidium

138
Q

Involves entire cell wall (inner and outer) of hypha

A

Holothallic

139
Q

Conidia produced in succession along entire length of hypha

A

Thallic-arthric

140
Q

Conidiospores formed by buds coming off the parent cell

A

Blastoconidia

141
Q

Conidia under Holoblastic

A
  • Blastoconidia
  • Poroconidia
142
Q

Conidia under Enteroblastic

A
  • Phialoconidia
  • Anneloconidia
143
Q

Conidia under Holothallic

A
  • Chlamydospores
144
Q

Example of Chlamydospores

145
Q

Conidia under Thallic-Arthric

A
  • Holothallic
  • Holoarthric
  • Enteroarthric
146
Q

Examples of Holothallic

A

Epidermophyton

147
Q

Examples of Holoarthric

A

Geotrichum

148
Q

Examples of Enteroarthric

149
Q

Conidium produced from annelide

A

Anelloconidium

150
Q

Non motile sporangiospores

A

Aplanospores

151
Q

Asexual conidium produced directly from the hyphae and released from this structure through fragmentation

A

Arthroconidia

152
Q

Sexual spore formed on a basidium following karyogamy and meiosis

A

Basidiospore

153
Q

Asexual spore produced blastically either singly or synchronously in chain from the parent cell

A

Blastoconidium

154
Q

Swollen thick walled vesicles that do not reproduce

A

Chlamydospores

155
Q

Asexual spores produced directly from the hyphae, have thickened walls and is larger than surrounding hyphal cells

A

Chlamydoconidium

156
Q

Spore formed within a spherule by cleavage of the cytoplasm

157
Q

The larger of the two types of conidia produced through holothallic mode of condiogenesis

A

Macroconidium

157
Q

Mycelia from which the reproductive structures form

A

Fertile hyphae

158
Q

Conidium born from a phialide

A

Phialoconidia

159
Q

Holoblastic conidium produced through pores in the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell or conidiophore

A

Poroconidium

160
Q

Primary asexual reproductive structures formed in a sac called sporangium

A

Sporangiospore

161
Q

Round thick walled spore formed in a zygosporangium by fusion of the tips of two compatible hypha

162
Q

T/F: Meiosis in fungi occurs at a different point in the reproductive lifecycle than in other higher eukaryotes

163
Q

3 stages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Plasmogamy
  2. Karyogamy
  3. Meiosis
164
Q

Union or fusion of haploid cells of compatible mating types

A

Plasmogamy

165
Q

Fusion of the two haploid nuclei

166
Q

Newly produced diploid cell can undergo this to regenerate haploid cells, and often a response to nutrient limitation

167
Q

Haploid nuclei do not fuse right away, coexist in the mycelium

A

Heterokaryotic Stage

168
Q

Subphyla of Glomeromycota

A
  • Mucoromycotina
  • Entomophthoromycotina
  • Kickxellomycotina
  • Zoopagomycotina
169
Q

Glomeromycota

Profuse to gray to white, aerial mycelia, hyaline sparsely septate hypha

A

Order Mucorales

170
Q

Glomeromycota

Asexual and Sexual

A

A: Sporangiospores
S: Zygospores

171
Q

Glomeromycota

Genera

A
  • Actinomucor
  • Apophysomyces
  • Cokemyces
  • Cunninghamella
  • Lichteimia
  • Mucor
  • Rhizomucor
  • Rhizopus
  • Saksenaea
  • Syncephalastrum
172
Q

Ascomycota

Class

A

Ascomycetes

173
Q

Ascomycota

Characteristics

A

Septate hyphae

174
Q

Ascomycota

Reproduction

A

A: Conidia
S: Ascospores (sac or ascus in karyogamy)

175
Q

Ascomycota

Examples

A
  • Microsporum spp.
  • Trichphyton spp.
  • Scedosprium boydii
176
Q

Basidiomycota

Characteristics

A

Sterile mold, hyphae has complex septa, Clamp connections (septation in vegetative hypha)

177
Q

Basidiomycota

Reproduction

A

S: Four progeny basidiospores (supported by club shaped basidium)

178
Q

Basidiomycota

Examples

A
  • Filobasidiella neoformans (teleomorph)
  • Cryptococcus neoformans (anamorph)
  • Mushroom
179
Q

Fungi Imperfecta is also known as?

A

Deuteromycetes

180
Q

Fungi Imperfecta

Characteristics

A

artificial grouping

181
Q

Fungi Imperfecta

Reproduction

A

S: not discovered
Anamorphic state: asexual conidia

182
Q

Fungi Imperfecta

Examples

A
  • Coccidiodes immitis
  • Paraccocidiodes brasiliensis
  • Candida albican
  • Torulopsis
  • Epidermophyton
183
Q

Whole fungus, composed of sexual and asexual phase

184
Q

Spores enclosed in an Ascus following karyogamy

A

Ascospores

185
Q

Fruiting body of Ascospores

186
Q

Covering-like structure where Ascospores are enclosed

187
Q

Sexual life cycle of Ascomycetes

A
  • Heterothallic (self-incompatible)
  • Homothallic (self-compatible)
188
Q

Exists in 2 mating types, occurs only between sexual structures of opposite mating type

A

Heterothallic

189
Q

Every strain is able to complete sexual cycle without a mating partner

A

Homothallic

190
Q

Major Types of the Multicellular ascomata

A
  • Clesitothecium
  • Perithecium
  • Apothecium
  • Pseudothecium
191
Q

Examples of Cleisthomecium

A

Plectomycetes: Aspergillus nidulans

192
Q

Examples of Perithecium

A

Pyrenomycetes: Neurospora crassa

193
Q

Examples of Apothecium

A

Discomycetes: Peziza vesiculosa

194
Q

Examples of Pseudothecium

A

Loculoascomycetes: Cochliobolus heterostrophus

195
Q

Spores are formed inside a basidium (club shaped)

A

Basidiospores

196
Q

Attachment point of Basidiospores

197
Q

Thick walled spores formed by fusion of 2 hyphal strands (homothallic)

A

Zygospores

198
Q

Fusion of cells from 2 separate non-identical hypha

MT6322 MYCOVIRO (10 decks)

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