U1-2. methods

Question 1

hidsight bias

Answer 1

tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they knew it all along

Question 2

applied research

Answer 2

type of research that’s conducted to solve practical problems
- has clear & practical applications

Question 3

basic resarch

Answer 3

explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but not intended to have immediate, real-world applications
(e.g.) how ppl in different cultures define intelligence

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

• expresses relationship btwn two variables (=things that can vary among participants)
• experimental hypothesis: <dependent> depends on <independent></independent></dependent>
• to test hypothesis, researchers manipulate IV & measure DV
• often grown out of theories
• PROVING hypothesis is IMPOSSIBLE: research rather aims to gather data that [supports/disapproves] hypothesis

Question 5

theory

Answer 5

• aims to explain some phenomenon
• allows researchers to generate testable hypothesis w/ hopes of collecting data to support the theory

Question 6

operational definitions

Answer 6

• what researchers need to provide
• explains how you will measure it
• raises many issues about validity & reliability of research

Question 7

validity

Answer 7

research is <valid> when it measures what the researcher set out to measure
-> when it is [accurate]</valid>

Question 8

reliability

Answer 8

research is <reliable> when it can be replicated
-> [consistent]
- when researcher conducts same research in the same way & gets similar results</reliable>

Question 9

participants

Answer 9

individuals on which research will be conducted

Question 10

sampling

Answer 10

process by which participants are selected
- to select a [sample] (=group of participants), one must first identify the [population] (=includes anyone/anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample) from which sample will be selected
- goal: to be [representative] of larger population

Question 11

random selection

Answer 11

every member of population has equal chance of being selected
- increases likelihood that sample [represents] population & that one can [generalize] the findings to larger population
- best done by using a computer, table of numbers, or tried-and-true method of picking names out of a hat

Question 12

sample size

Answer 12

• larger the sample, more likely it is to represent the population
  -> downside: time & money
• research w/ [large] sample size, but not prohibitively(터무니없게) large is <optimal></optimal>
• when asked in AP exam) <specify> sample size & avoid using extreme sample size</specify>

Question 13

stratified (계층화된) sampling

Answer 13

process that ensures that sample represents population on [some criteria]
(e.g.) want to test difference of race -> each race should be represented in sample w/ <same> as overall population
-> first divide potential participants into groups based on race => pick random subsample of <desired> from each group</desired></same>

Question 14

laboratory experiments

Answer 14

conducted in lab - highly controlled

Question 15

field experiment

Answer 15

conducted out in the world - more realistic

Question 16

experiment

Answer 16

preferred bc only carefully controlled experiment can show causal relationship
- allows researchers to manipulate IV & control for confounding variable

Question 17

confounding variable

Answer 17

any diference between experimental & control conditions that may affect DV (except IV)

Question 18

assignment

Answer 18

process by which participants are put into a group

Question 19

random experiment

Answer 19

participants have equal change of being placed into any group -> controls for participant-relevant confounding variables

Question 20

group matching

Answer 20

ensures that experimental & control groups were equivalent on some criterion

Question 21

situation-relevant confounding variables

Answer 21

any difference in situations that different groups are put in

Question 22

experimenter bias

Answer 22

type of situation-relevant confounding variable
- unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of experimental & control group differentely

Question 23

double-blind procedure

Answer 23

neither participants nor researchers afect outcome of research (removes experimenter bias)

Question 24

single blind

Answer 24

only participants don’t know which group they’ve been assigned to
- minimizes demand characteristics & response/subject bias

Question 25

demand characteristics

Answer 25

cues (signals) about purpose of study

Question 26

response/subject bias

Answer 26

tendency for participants to behave in certain ways (e.g. social desirability)

Question 27

experimental group

Answer 27

group that gets treatement optionalized in IV

Question 28

control group

Answer 28

gets none of IV -> serves as basis for comparison

Question 29

hawthorne effect

Answer 29

participant’s behavior changes bc of being observed not bc of IV

Question 30

placebo method

Answer 30

important method of control

Question 31

counterbalancing

Answer 31

using participants as their own control group
- removes possibility of order effects (participants doing better on 2nd test bc they did 1st one)
-> half of participants do 1st condition first while the other half does 2nd one first

Question 32

correlation

Answer 32

relationship btwn two variables without assigning cause (!=causation)

Question 33

positive correlation

Answer 33

presence of one thing predicts presence of another

Question 34

negative correlation

Answer 34

presence of one predicts absence of another

Question 35

quasi-experiment (Ex-facto study)

Answer 35

controls all other aspects of research besides predetermined IV
- not assigned to random groups

Question 36

survey method

Answer 36

asks to fill out surveys
- no cause&effect relationship
- no variables manipulated (no IV/DV)
- no control for participant-relevant confounding variables -> researchers don’t know which difference caused difference in DV
- low response rate

Question 37

naturalistic observation

Answer 37

researchers observe participants in natural habitat
NOT field study, control is sacrificed

Question 38

case study

Answer 38

full&detailed picture of one participant/small group
- provides richest possible picture
- findings can’t be generalized