U1-1. history & approaches

Question 1

greek philosophers (e.g. Plato, Democritus)

Answer 1

theorized about relationships between thoughts & behavior (BUT thinking /= studying scientifically)

Question 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 2

1879) set up first psychological laboratory
- trained subjects in INTROSPECTION
- subjects were asked to record accurately their “cognitive reactions” to simple stimuli <- hoped to examine basic <cognitive>
- eventually described his theory of [structuralism] : idea that mind operates by combining subjective emotions & objective sensations</cognitive>

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

1890) published first psychology textbook
- examined how structures Wundt identified function in our lives <- functionalism

Question 4

Mary Whiton

Answer 4

• studied with James
• president of American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 5

Margaret Flony Washburn

Answer 5

first woman to earn phD in psychology

Question 6

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 6

• student of James
• pioneered (개척했다) study of <child></child>
• first president of APA

Question 7

introspection

Answer 7

• 내면의 성질을 관찰
• Wilhelm Wundt, William James
• structuralism & functionalism
• insignificant in current psychological thinking

Question 8

Max Wertheimer

Answer 8

Gestalt psychologist
- argued <against> dividing human thought & behavior into discrete structures</against>

Question 9

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 9

Max Wertheimer
- tried to examine a person’s total experience bc the way we experience the world is <more> just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences
- demonstrated that <whole> is often <more> just sum of parts of experience
-> psychologists later incorporated Gestalt thinking by examining not just a client’s difficulty but the <context> in which difficulty occurs
- little influence on current psychology</context></more></whole></more>

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

revolutionized psychology with his <psychoanalytical>
- believed that he discovered [unconscious mind] : part of our mind over which we don’t have conscious control that, to some extent, determines how we think & behave
- believed this hidden part of ourselves builds up over time through [repression] : pushing down into unconscious events & feelings that cause so much anxiety & tension that our conscious mind can’t deal w/ them
- believed that to understand human thought & behavior truly, we must examine <unconscious> through dream analysis, word association & other psychoanalytical therapy techniques
- was criticized for being unscientific & creating unverifiable theories</unconscious></psychoanalytical>

Question 11

Psychoanalysis

Answer 11

Sigmund Freud
- unconscious mind: we can’t control, determines how we think & behave
- builds up through repression (pushing down of stressful memories)
- should be examined to understand human thought & behavior

Question 12

John B. Watson

Answer 12

• studied pioneering conditioning experiments of <Ivan></Ivan>
• declared that psychology should be limited to <observable>, not unobservable actions like unconscious mind</observable>
• wanted to establish <behaviorism> as dominant paradigm of psychology</behaviorism>

Question 13

Behaviorism

Answer 13

John B. Watson // Ivan Pavlov // B. F. Skinner
- maintains that psychologists should look at only behavior & causes of behavior (stimuli & responses)
-> not concerned w/ elements of consciousness

Question 14

B. F. Skinner

Answer 14

expanded basic ideas of <behaviorism> to include ideas of [reinforcement] : environmental stimuli that either encourage/discourage certain responses
- his intellectual influence lasted for decades (1920s-1960s)</behaviorism>

Question 15

eclectic

Answer 15

there’s currently no <one> of thinking about human thought & behavior
-> many psychologists describe themselves as [eclectic]: drawing from <multiple></multiple></one>