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G.I. > U/S of Ruminant Abdomen/acuteabdomen In Ruminants > Flashcards

U/S of Ruminant Abdomen/acuteabdomen In Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Differential for increased peritoneal effusion:

A

inc hydrostatic pressure in late pregnancy

ascites secondary to heart failure or cadual vena cava thrombosis

local/diffusion peritonitis

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2
Q

reticulum can be imaged in what location

A

area between xiphoid process and sternum and cranial to left mamary vein

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3
Q

Abdominal pain is classified into what 2 categories?

A

visceral pain: hollow viscera and solid organs

parietal pain: parietal perionteum, abdominal mm, rib cage

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4
Q

Abdominal pain may be a consequence of:

A
  1. excessive distention of a hollow viscus (excessive intestinal distention)
  2. spams of intestinal smooth muscles
  3. stretching of mesenteric support structures
  4. intestinal ischemia
  5. chemical irritation of the visceral or parietal peritoneum
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5
Q

Pain sensation from the parietal peritoneum travels through what?

and lcoalizes where?

A

peripheral spinal neves

localizes over the affected area

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6
Q

Why are patients with parietal pain reluctant to move?

A

parietal pain is exacerbated by pressure & tension modification

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7
Q

Where are the pain fibers located that cause visceral pain?

A

submucosa & muscle layers of hollow viscera (intestines, bladder)

&

capsule of solid organs (kidneys, liver)

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8
Q

Why is visceral pain ahrd to localize?

A

Due to transmission through sensory fibers in autonomic nervous system, visceral pain is diffuse & difficult to localize

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9
Q

clinical signs of hypovolemic shock

A

increased heart rate

pale mucous membranes

slow capillary refill time

dehydration

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10
Q

Clinical signs of septic shock

A

increased heart rate

dehdyration

mucous membranes: hyperemic/bluish

scleral vssel congested & dark

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11
Q

What is the treatment of choice for hypovolemic and septic shock?

A

Intravenous fluid therapy

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12
Q

What is the top differential for colic in a whether or buck goat?

A

urolithiasis

(**until proven otherwise**)

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13
Q

What are examples of causes of acute abdomen,

that are considered a surgical emergency

**medical management should not delay surgery**

A
  • abomasal volvulus
  • abomasal bloat (neonates)
  • torsion of the mesentery root
  • intesitnal volvulus, incarceration
  • cecal volvulus/torsion
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14
Q

What are examples of causes of acute abdomen,

in which medical treatment prior to surgery is suitable?

A
  • Intestinal foreign body
  • intussusception
  • intestinal incarceration, adhesions
  • atresia coli
  • hernia (diaphgramatic, inguinal)
  • urothlithiasis
  • ruptured bladder
  • uterine torsion
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15
Q

What are examples of causes of acute abdomen,

That surgical treatment may or may not be necessary after medical treatment

A
  • acute traumatic reticulitis
  • cecal dilation
  • abomasal ulcer
  • hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
  • peritonitis
  • fat necrosis
  • reticuloperitonitis
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16
Q

What are examples of causes of acute abdomen,

that can be treated medically?

A

paralytic ileus

enteritis, enterotoxemia

acute pyelonephritis

cystitis/urinary tract dzes

acute liver diseases

cholelithiasis

pleuropneumonia

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17
Q

Abdominal, gastrointestinal causes of visceral pain: ruminants

A
  • torsion o fthe mesentery root
  • cecal dilation/volulus
  • intestinal volvulus
  • intussusception
  • abomasal volulus
  • intestinal foreign body or obstruciton
  • intestinal incarceration, adhesions
  • atresia coli (neonates)
  • hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
  • abomasal bloat (neonates)
  • paralytic ileus
  • enteritis, enterotoxemia
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18
Q

Abdominal, gastrointestinal causes of parietal pain

A

acute traumatic reticulitis

reticulopericarditis

abomasal ulcer

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19
Q

Abdominal, extra intestinal causes of visceral pain:

A
  • urolithiasis
  • acute pyelopnephritis
  • ruptured bladder
  • cystitis/urinary tract diseases
  • uterine torsion or rupture
  • acute liver diseases
  • cholelithiasis
  • fat necrosis
  • inguinal hernia
20
Q

Abdominal, extraintestinal causes of parietal pain

A

peritonitis

21
Q

Extrabdomianl causes of colic

**cause parietal pain**

A
  • pleuropneumonia
  • rib fracture
  • diaphragmatic hernia
  • laminitis
  • myopathy
  • spinal cord diseases (osteomyelitis, fracture, luxation)
22
Q

Gas distention in the small intestine causes

A

bilateral ventral abdominal distention

23
Q

Distention in the right paralumbar fossa is associated with:

A

cecal and colic disorders

24
Q

Gas within the rumen causes what shape?

A

“Papple shape”

25
Q

Differentials for ruminants that arch their back:

A
  • cranial abdominal pain
  • sole abscesses
  • musculoskeleta
26
Q

. What are good prognostic indicators in abomasal volvulus?

A

Normal to moderately evelated heart rate Adequate hydration

27
Q

Extraabdominal examination of what areas are important in ruling out diseases that mimi abdominal pain?

A

THORAX: pleuropneumonia, rib fractures Musculoskeletal system: laminitis, myopathy

28
Q

Define pings

A

Sounds of tympanic resonance caused by gas-fluid interface in a distended organ —>detect by simultaneous auscultation & percussion

29
Q

Pings localized to the 13th to rib cranially to the 9th rib are typical of what lesion?

A

Abomasal volvulus RDA

30
Q

Ping located in the right paralumbar fossa & caudal quadrant extending to the hip, is typical of what lesion?

A

Cecal dilation or vovlulus

31
Q

Pings on the left side are most commonly associated with what lesions?

A

Left abomasal displacement Ruminal collapse Pneumoperitoneum

32
Q

What lesion typically pings dorsally from the 8th to the 13th rib space?

A

Left abomasal displacement

33
Q

Pings in the left paralumbar fossa & extend cranially to the 11th rib are associated with what lesions?

A

Gas in the rumen Ruminal collapse Pneumoperitoneum

34
Q

NORMAL RUMEN CONTRACTIONS

A

3 complete contractions per 2 minutes

35
Q

Common clinical signs of cranial abdominal pain? (Ie: TRP, cranial peritonitis, abomasal ulcers, etc.)

A

Cattle reluctant to move Stand with elbows abducted & back arched Bruxism Wither pinch= grunt/kick/ reluctance to dip back

36
Q

On rectal plapation, a firm mass palpated in multiple, dilated, turgid small intestine loops is a typical finding of what lesions

A

Intussusception Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

37
Q

On rectal palpation, what are characteristics of a chronic peritonitis:

A

Adhesions between kidneys & rumen Intestinal convolutions Decreased rectal mobility in posterior abdomen

38
Q

Adult ruminants with acute abdominal diseases suffer from metabolic alkalosis, which is often associated with which diseases:

A

Abomasal volvulus Intussception Cecal disorders Abomasal ulcers Peritonitis Renal diseaes Reticuloperitonitis

39
Q

Metabolic acidosis may be observed in which abdominal ruminant diseases??

A

Urinary tract disease Small intestinal strangulation or obstruction Enteritis with severe diarrhea

40
Q

IN cows with right abomasal displacement or uterine torsion, at what level of lactate is a poor prognostic indicator?

A

Poor prognostic indicator: Lactate >6.5 mmol/L in uterine torsion Lactate > 6 mmol/L

41
Q

Fibrinogen is considered an early indicator of inflammation, fibrinogen concentrations may increase within what time frame?

A

In 1 to 2 days after induction of inflammatory conditions

42
Q

Moderate to marked increased fibrinogen concentration is also signature of chronic active localized inflammatory conditions, such as:

A

Reticuloperitonitis, Liver abscesses Pyelonephritis

43
Q

Release of what inflammatory mediators reduced GI motility?

A

Proteinases Vasoactive substances Free oxygen radicals Endorphins

44
Q

What are considerations when administering alpha-2 agonists

A
  • dec reticuloruminal/intestinal motility -masking of surgical pain -caution in patients already hypotensive/ in shock
45
Q

Surgical exploration is warranted in cattle with what clinical signs?

A

Persistence of colic Development of abdominal distention Heart rate exceeding 100 bpm Scant feces Typical abomasal or cecal pins Paracentesis indicate bowel devitalization

G.I. (7 decks)

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