Ch.50NutritionoftheSickAnimal

Question 1

How long can feed be withheld from healthy, “nonstressed” adult individuals for how long?

Answer 1

2 to 3 days

Question 2

What occurs within the first hours to days of starvation?

Answer 2

glycogen stores are mobilized from various tissues (liver, kidney, mm) for glucose production

Question 3

once glucose becomes limited during starvation, the body relies on what resources for energy?

Answer 3

fatty acid oxidation & production of ketone bodies

Question 4

Once glucose stores have been depleted, what sources are used for gluconeogenesis to provide energy to glucose-dependent tissues (CNS & RBCs)?

Answer 4

1. glycerol from lipid production
2. lactate from Kreb’s cycle
3. amino acids from mm tissue breakdown

Question 5

What is the metabolic response to injury (critical illness, sepsis, trauma, surgical manipulation, etc.)?

Answer 5

characterized by increased metabolism and onset of catabolic process leading to excessive breakdown of tissue proteins

Question 6

What is the difference between protein/calorie malnutrition as opposed to in illness?

Answer 6

PCM: fat is the principle source of energy

illness: protein catabolism of skeletal mm
**likely associated with INC insulin concentrations

Question 7

Why is the metabolic state different in starvation vs illness?

Answer 7

D/t complex interaction of:
-inflammatory cytokines
-circulating hormones
-neurotransmitters

AND:
-gluconeogenesis
-wound healing
- immune cell replication
-synthesis of acute phase proteins

Question 8

Define resting energy requirements

Answer 8

amount of energy needed to maintain an individual (no weight gain or loss) in a thermoneutral environment without the metboalic demans of digestion

Question 9

Maintenance energy requirements includes:

Answer 9

the demand of digestion (approximately 30% higher than RER)

Question 10

What are the resting energy requirements of the average full-size horse

Answer 10

22 to 23 kcal/kg/day

Question 11

What are maintenance energy requirements can be estimated using what calculation?

Answer 11

30 to 35 kcal/kg/day

Question 12

What is the estimated calculation for maintenance protein calculation of the healthy adult horse

Answer 12

0.5 to 1.5 g/kg/day

Question 13

what is the maintenance protein requirement in the growing foal?

**hint: higher than adult

Answer 13

7g/kg/day

Question 14

Why is glutamine considered a conditionally essential amino acid?

Answer 14

Shown to be critical in maintaining gut wall integrity, immune function and antioxidant supplies

Question 15

What amino acids are recommended in supplementing in parenteral nutrition?

Answer 15

glutamine, branched chain amino acids and arginine

Question 16

Why is arginine considered an essential amino acid?

Answer 16

-nitric oxide precursor
-important vasodilating agent
-upregulated immune function
-may reduce ischemia reperfusion injury

Question 17

The healthy, full-term neonate is born with enough body fat and glycogen reserves to provide energy supply for approximately how long?

Answer 17

12 hours

Question 18

The healthy normal foal ingests approximately what percentage of its body weight in milk per day during the first few weeks of life?

Answer 18

15% of bwt

Question 19

What is the metabolic demand of a sick, recumbent neonate?

Answer 19

5 to 10 % of bwt

50 to 100 kcal/kg/day

Question 20

Neonatal calves and small ruminants ingest what percentage of body weight in milk per day?

Answer 20

10 to 15%

Question 21

How much weight is a healthy average sized foal (50 kg) expected to gain per day?

Answer 21

0.5 to 1 kg/day

Question 22

Failure for a foal to gain weight can be cause of:

Answer 22

1. uncontrolled illness (such as a focus of infection)
2. insufficient nutritional support

Question 23

The complete absence of enteral nutrition results in:

Answer 23

mucosal atrophy
increased gut permeability
enzymati dysufnction

Question 24

Enteral provision of what percentage of energy and nutrient needs for normal growth prevented loss of gut protien mass?

Answer 24

20% enteral provision

Question 25

enteral provision of what percentage of nutritional needs were needed to maintain normal gastroitnesitnal growth?

Answer 25

40 to 60%

Question 26

What are possible negative consequences of forced enteral nutrition?

Answer 26

-increased translocation of bacteria and absorption of bacterial toxins d/t increased gut wall permeability
-colic
-bloat
-diarrhea
-bacterial overgrowth

Question 27

What are examples of when force feeding may be required in a ruminant?

Answer 27

cows with hepatic lipidosis
cattle with balling gun injuries/retropharyngeal trauma
mandibular fractures
tetanus
lsiteriosis

Question 28

Ways to provide forced enteral feeding to ruminants?

Answer 28

ororumenal tube
temporary rumen cannula

Question 29

Enteral nutrition provides intraluminal nutrition to the gastrointestinal tract and has been shown to improve:

Answer 29

gut barrier integrity
gut mass, protein content, motility & function

Question 30

what is the renal threshold for glucose in adult horses

Answer 30

180 dL or 10 mmol/L

Question 31

What is the renal threshold for glucose in foals?

Answer 31

121 mmol/L or 216 dL

Question 32

Dextrose can be supplemented based on requirement/ calculation of:

Answer 32

3.4 kcal/g of dextorse

Question 33

When should lipids be added to parenteral nutrition?

Answer 33

Should be added LAST, to avoid destabilization of the emulsion

Question 34

If protein provides about 4 kcal of energy/g protein, then 100 ml (10g ) of 10$ amino acid solution contains:

Answer 34

40 kcal

Question 35

Vitamin C supplementation rate

Answer 35

10 to 20 g/horse/day

Question 36

The placenta of ruminants/foals is reported to supply approximately what amount of glucose?

Answer 36

4 to 8 mg/kg min o glucose (~25% to 50% DE)

Question 37

What is the parenteral nutrition formulation for foals (50 kgfoal):

Answer 37

50% dextrose– 8.7 g/kg/day- 870 mls (volme/day/ 50kg foal)

10% amino aicds– 3.0 g/kg/day– 1500 mls (volume/day)

10% lipid– 1 g/kg/day– 500 mls (volume/day)

Question 38

Parenteral nutrition formulation for adult horses (450 kg horse)

Answer 38

50% dextrose– 2.8 g/kg/day– 2500 ml (volume/day in 450 kg horse)
10% amino aicds– 1.3 g/kg/day– 6000 ml
10% lipid– 0.8 g/kg/day– 3500 ml

Question 39

When starting parenteral nutrition, at what rate of infusion is recommended:

Answer 39

25% of daily requirement
then rechecking blood glucose and increaseing by 25% every 4 to 8 hours