Ch.50NutritionoftheSickAnimal Flashcards
How long can feed be withheld from healthy, “nonstressed” adult individuals for how long?
2 to 3 days
What occurs within the first hours to days of starvation?
glycogen stores are mobilized from various tissues (liver, kidney, mm) for glucose production
once glucose becomes limited during starvation, the body relies on what resources for energy?
fatty acid oxidation & production of ketone bodies
Once glucose stores have been depleted, what sources are used for gluconeogenesis to provide energy to glucose-dependent tissues (CNS & RBCs)?
- glycerol from lipid production
- lactate from Kreb’s cycle
- amino acids from mm tissue breakdown
What is the metabolic response to injury (critical illness, sepsis, trauma, surgical manipulation, etc.)?
characterized by increased metabolism and onset of catabolic process leading to excessive breakdown of tissue proteins
What is the difference between protein/calorie malnutrition as opposed to in illness?
PCM: fat is the principle source of energy
illness: protein catabolism of skeletal mm
**likely associated with INC insulin concentrations
Why is the metabolic state different in starvation vs illness?
D/t complex interaction of:
-inflammatory cytokines
-circulating hormones
-neurotransmitters
AND:
-gluconeogenesis
-wound healing
- immune cell replication
-synthesis of acute phase proteins
Define resting energy requirements
amount of energy needed to maintain an individual (no weight gain or loss) in a thermoneutral environment without the metboalic demans of digestion
Maintenance energy requirements includes:
the demand of digestion (approximately 30% higher than RER)
What are the resting energy requirements of the average full-size horse
22 to 23 kcal/kg/day
What are maintenance energy requirements can be estimated using what calculation?
30 to 35 kcal/kg/day
What is the estimated calculation for maintenance protein calculation of the healthy adult horse
0.5 to 1.5 g/kg/day
what is the maintenance protein requirement in the growing foal?
**hint: higher than adult
7g/kg/day
Why is glutamine considered a conditionally essential amino acid?
Shown to be critical in maintaining gut wall integrity, immune function and antioxidant supplies
What amino acids are recommended in supplementing in parenteral nutrition?
glutamine, branched chain amino acids and arginine
Why is arginine considered an essential amino acid?
-nitric oxide precursor
-important vasodilating agent
-upregulated immune function
-may reduce ischemia reperfusion injury
The healthy, full-term neonate is born with enough body fat and glycogen reserves to provide energy supply for approximately how long?
12 hours
The healthy normal foal ingests approximately what percentage of its body weight in milk per day during the first few weeks of life?
15% of bwt
What is the metabolic demand of a sick, recumbent neonate?
5 to 10 % of bwt
50 to 100 kcal/kg/day
Neonatal calves and small ruminants ingest what percentage of body weight in milk per day?
10 to 15%
How much weight is a healthy average sized foal (50 kg) expected to gain per day?
0.5 to 1 kg/day
Failure for a foal to gain weight can be cause of:
- uncontrolled illness (such as a focus of infection)
- insufficient nutritional support
The complete absence of enteral nutrition results in:
mucosal atrophy
increased gut permeability
enzymati dysufnction
Enteral provision of what percentage of energy and nutrient needs for normal growth prevented loss of gut protien mass?
20% enteral provision
