Smith.Ch7.AlterationsinAlimentary&HepaticFunction Flashcards by Cassie Baumgarten

A gram stain of feces with a predominance of gram-positive rods may indicated an anaerboic overgrowth of what bacteria?

C. difficile

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Which clostridium species in foals has been implicated in the severe necrotizing enterocolitis in foals?

C. perfringens, types A NetF toxin producing

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Diagnosis of R. equi as a cause of diarrhea involves

-3 wk to 6 month old foals
-TTW-Abdominal fluid cytology/culture
-Abdominal U/S
***R/o other etx of diarrhea
-Fecal PCR

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hypoalbuminemia is seen with chronic protein losing enteropathies, such as:

-inflammatory bowel disease (ie: granulomatous enteritis)
-phenylbutazone toxicity (right dorsal colitis)
-hypobiotic cyathostomiasis
-Lawsonia intracellularis infection
-acute colitis conditions (ie: salmonellosis)

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If toxicology is a suspected cause of diarrhea in horses, what diagnostics can be performed?

-Blood lead, liver lead and liver arsenic concentrations measured
-cantharidin– detect blister beetle toxin in urine or GI contents using high pressure liquid chromatography or gas chromatogrpahy mass spectrometry
-oleandrin: urine, serum, GI contents (diarrhea, colic, arrhythmias, renal dz)

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Treatment with chronic diarrhea/evaluation to response of treatment

-alter diet to simple grass hay, then pelleted diet, psyllium mucilloid (4oz), 1 to 2 cups of corn oil to daily diet
-Transfaunation
-rectal biopsy +/- course of steroids
-plasma transfaunation

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Dzes to consider in ruminants with chronic diarrhea

parasitism
Johne’s disease
Copper deficiency (molybdenosis)
Selenium deficiency
Liver failure
other dzes of individual cows (Bovine leukemia virus, amyloidosis, heart failure, uremia)

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Differentials for mild to moderate recurrent colic in horses, may be an indication of a severe problem such as:

bowel entrapment/displacement
thromboembolism
internal abscess
enterolith
sand or other FB
tumor
gastric ulcers
hypobiotic cyathostomiasis
Strongylus vulgaris larval migration
heavy burden of ascarids
abdominal adhesions
cholangiohepatitis
biliary stones
strictured bowel
urinary tract disease

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In stallions with colic signs, what should also be examined?

palpate testicles: scrotal hernias or testicular torsions

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What are the principles of colic management?

control of pain
relief of distention
relief of obstruction
treatment of shock

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Define melena

dark, tarry feces
Caused by blood in lumen of the stomach or proximal intestinal tract resulting in black (digested) blood appearing in feces

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Melena can result from GI tract, but also what other body system?

respiratory– if blood is coughed up, oral or pharyngeal bleeding

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What is a frequent cause of of gastric hemorrhage in older horses?

gastric squamous cell carcinoma

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Define dysentery

bloody diarrhea

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define hematochezia

presence of fresh blood or clots in feces
result of bleeding in the distal GI tract

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Frank blood in feces without diarrhea and other evidence of GI dysfunction or systemic illness may be a result of:

bleeding disorder
traumatic foreign body
rectal examination trauma
sadistic rectal trauma
rectal trauma in a mare from a stallion penetrating the rectum

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Causes of abdominal distension and constipation in horses: Less common causes:

pregnancy
pelvic mass (abscess tumor)
cecal tympany
hernia, obstructive
intussusception

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Uncommon causes of abdominal distension and constipation in horses

anticholinergics
opiates
instrinsic colonic nerve dysfunction
anorectal perineal hernia
hypokalemia
tetanus
hypocalcemic tetany
intramural hematomas on gut
propylene glycol toxicity
Grass sickness (exotic)

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Common causes of blood, fibrin, or mucus in feces of Ruminants

foreign body
intussusception
coccidiosis
salmonellosis

Less common causes of blood, fribin, mucus in feces of Ruminants

rectal tear or trauma
rectal examination trauma
volvulus, root of mesentary
Malignant catarrhal fever
enterotoxemia
bovine viral diarrhea
arsenic toxicity
abomasal torsion
wafarin poisoning or other coagulation disorder
castor bean (Ricinus) poisoning
Tung tree (Aleurites) poisoning
Sonaum (nightshade, potatoe poisoning
Sesbania (rattlebox) poisoning
Bracken fern

Common causes of blood fibrin or mucus in feces of the horse

foreign body
rectal tear or trauma
intussusception
blister beetle (cantharidin toxicity)
colitis, unknown cause
salmonellosis

Uncommon causes of blood, fibrin, mucus in feces of the horse:

Purpura hemorrhagica
Small stonrgyle infection (cyathostomiasis)
Colorectal polyps
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
ACorn or oak poisoning
Arsenic toxicity
Organophosphate toxicity
Warfarin poisoning or other coagulation disorder
Mycotoxicoses
Besnoitiosis (globidiosis) (EXOTIC)

Common causes of regurgitation and reflux in horses

chokedamaged esophagus, foreign body or divertiulum
megaesophagus
foreign body in pharynx, trachea or nose
guttural pouch infection & pharyngeal paresis with nerve involvement
gastric dilation, impaction
gastric rupture

Less common causes of regurgitationa nd reflux in horses

snake bite
tetanus
tick paralysis
anterior enteritis (duodenitis or proximal jejunitis)
gastric stenosis, ulcers
hydrocephalus, meningitis, encephalitis
central nervous system trauma
polyneuritis
peritonitis
persistent right aortic arch
grass sickness (exotic)

Toxins that cause regurgitation and reflux in horses

phosphorus alpha-Naphtyliourea (ANTU) cyanide herbicides arsenic lead nitropheryl urea (vacor) organochlorine

Plant toxins that cause regurgitationa nd relfux in horses

oleander castor bean death camas (Zigandenus spp) Algae Heath (ericaceae)

Common causes of regurgitation and vomiting in ruminants

esophageal trauma or foreign body oral or pharyngeal foreign body or trauma salt toxicity (water deprivation/access) tumor, pappilloma or other mass in rumen or esophagus

Less common causes of regurgitation and vomiting in ruminants

megaesophagus hiatal or diaphragmatic hernia esophageal diverticulum esopahgeal reaction to hypoderma lineatrum (B) hydrocephalus meningitis, meningoencphelaitis central nervous system trauma hypoamgenesemia

Uncommon causes of regurgitation and vomiting in ruminants

intesintal neoplasia traumatic reticulitis tick paralysis tetnaus bluteongue peritonitis persistent right aortic arch psuedorabies rift valley fever (exotic)

Toxins that cause regurgitation and vomiting in Ruminants

methanol or ethanol acute oral copper phosphorus arsenic nitrates crude oil diesel fuel snake bite

Plant toxins that cause regurgitation and vomiting in Ruminants

Solanum spp Melia (chinaberry) Larkspur (Delphinium) Cyanogenic plants Nitrate accumulators Death camas (Zigandenus spp) Castor bean Oleander Cocklebur Tremogenic toxins Heath (Ericaceae) Helenium (sneezeweed, bitterweed) veratrum (hellabore) Aminathium (stagger grass) Haplopappus (burroweed) Psidostrophe (paper flowers) Argostemma githago (corn cockle) Kalmia (laurel) Kikugu grass, Pennisetum clandestinum (exotic) Ibaraki disease (EXOTIC) Geigeria (EXOTIC) Yellow-wood (EXOTIC)

What are useful techniques for diagnosing cause of regurgitation?

-passing of stomach tube -endoscopy of pharynx, guttural pouches, esophagus and stomach -U/S exam of the cervical esophagus -Radiographs; plain films of pharynx, guttural pouches, esophagus & stomach -Rads, barium swallows, checking gastric emptying time in horse

In foals of a few weeks to several months of age, milk returning from the nares is often associated with:

-gastric ulceration -colic signs -lying in dorsal recumbency -hypersalivation -champing movements of mouth **occasionally cleft palate, persistent right aortic arch

Complications of regurgitation and vomiting include:

aspiration pneumonia dehydration electrolyte imbalances

Causes of dysphagia (4 categories)

1. pain induced 2. neurologic 3. obstructive 4. mechanical interference w/ prehension & swallowing

Ruminants (cattle & sheep) saliva contains:

sodium: 136-201 mEq/L bicarbonate: 108 mEq/L potassium & chloride: 14-15 mEq/L

Losses of large amounts of saliva in Ruminants can result in:

hypovolemia severe metabolic acidosis

Losses of large amounts of saliva in Horses results in:

transient metabolic alkalosis **b/c horses saliva contains high chloride: 48-82 mEq/L, low bicarb 44-52 mEq/L, potassium 14-18 mEq/L, sodium 54-90 mEq/L

Common causes of conditions accompanied by oral vesicles, erosions, ulcers, or growths in horses

vesicular stomatitis phenylbutazone toxicity yellow bristle grass (Setaria lutescens or Setaria glauca) ulcers Other plant awn stomatitis oral foreign body

Less common causes of conditions accompanied by oral vesicles, erosions, ulcers, or growths in horses

irritant or caustic chemical stomatitis periodontal gingivitis blister beetle (cantharidin) toxicity uremia drug eruption oral neoplasia

define pytalism

increased volume of saliva

define pseudopytalism

normal volume of saliva, that is not swallowed, visible to observer and confused with dysphagia

Papular stomatitis not associated with diarrhea

Bovine papular stomatitis actinobacilliosis vesicular stomatitis (cattle, horses) blue tongue (sheep) contagious ecythma (sheep & goats)

2 most common North American infectious diseases associated with oral lesions and diarrhea in cattle

bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

Causes of dental cavities, abnormalities of tooth color and loose teeth in horses:

periodontal disease chronic fluoride toxicity dental decay fractured teeth osteomalacia, osteodystrophy halicephalobus (micronemia) deletrix, granulomas of manmdinle or maxilla skeletal neoplasia of mandible or maxilla hyperparathyroidism tooth root abscess with osteomyelitis, secondary to open infundibulum amelobastoma (odontoma) dental stain (black walnut hull ingestion or other compound)

Causes of dental cavities, abnormalities of tooth color and loose teeth in ruminants

chronic lfuoride toxicity bovine erythropoietic porphyria osteogenesis imperfrecta in Holstein friesans osteomalacia, osteodystrophy actinomycosis skeletal neoplasia or mandible or maxilla lymphosarcoma (goat & sheep) periodontal disease broken mouth (old worn teeth) tooth root abscess with osteomyelitis ingestion of black walnut hulls or other dental stain ingestion of sweet potato cannery waste