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A&P 2 Final > U R I N A R Y > Flashcards

U R I N A R Y Flashcards

1
Q

list pathway from collecting duct until leaving kidney

A
  1. collecting duct
  2. papillary duct
  3. renal pyramid
  4. minor calyx
  5. major calyx
  6. renal pelvis
  7. ureter
  8. urinary bladder
  9. urethra
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2
Q

structure and function of glomerulus

A

blood-filtering structure of the kidney, passive, glomerular mesengial cells

parietal & visceral layers

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3
Q

glomerulus parietal layer

A

outer structural layer, simple squamous

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4
Q

glomerulus visceral layer

A

podocytes (foot processes), capsular space; capillary endothelium, basement membrane, foot processes of glomerular capsule

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5
Q

which structures bring blood to and from the glomerulus and why is this particular blood vessel type good for the job?

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

protect glomerulus from fluctuation in BP, reinforce glomerular BP, decrease hydrostatic pressure of peritubular capillaries, high resistance to blood flow

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6
Q

describe the structure, location, and function of the macula densa

A

structure: tall, columnar, closely-packed cells
location: DCT
function: act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

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7
Q

trace blood flow through kidney beginning at renal artery

A 
(aorta)
1. renal artery
2. segmental artery
3. interlobar artery
4. arcuate artery
5. cortical radiate artery
6. afferent arteriole
7. glomerulus (capillaries)
8. efferent arteriole
9. peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
10. cortical radiate vein
11. arcuate vein
12. interlobar vein 
13. renal vein
(inferior vena cava)
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8
Q

trace filtrate through nephron, starting with glomerular capsule

A
  1. glomerular capsule
  2. PCT
  3. descending thin limb
  4. thin ascending limb
  5. thick ascending limb
  6. DCT
  7. CD
  8. papillary duct
  9. minor calyx
  10. major calyx
  11. renal pelvis
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9
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

push due to high BP

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10
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pull due to presence of plasma proteins

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11
Q

how does the kidney use renin to raise BP?

A

converted to angiotensin 2

  1. constricts arteriolar smooth muscle, causing MAP to rise
  2. stimulates the reabsorption of Na+
    - acts directly on renal tubules and triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (target at principle cells to reabsorb Na+)
  3. stimulates hypothalamus to release ADH and activates the thirst center
  4. constricts efferent arterioles, decreasing peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure and increasing fluid reabsorption
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12
Q

what 2 parts of the nephron are responsible for concentrating urine and how is this accomplished?

A
  1. collecting duct
  2. DCT

presence or absence of ADH & aquaporins

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13
Q

where to ADH and aldosterone act to affect urine concentration?

A

DCT & CD of kidney tubule cells (principle cells)

- facultative water reabsorption

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14
Q

how does aldosterone affect urine concentration?

A
  1. increases reabsorption of Na+

2. targets principle cells to insert Na+/K+ channels and pump (increases BP and decreases K+)

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15
Q

how does ADH affect urine concentration?

A

cause principle cells to insert aquaporins for increased water reabsorption

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16
Q

what substance is rarely found in filtrate in the renal tubules under normal conditions?

A

plasma proteins

17
Q

would plasma proteins affect glomerular hydrostatic pressure most or osmotic pressure most?

A

osmotic pressure

18
Q

ureter function

A

paired tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

19
Q

urinary bladder function

A

temporary storage for urine

20
Q

urethra function

A

tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to body exterior

21
Q

major functions of the kidneys

A

regulate body’s total water volume (ADH) & total concentration of solutes in that water ( Aldosterone)

  1. regulate ion concentration in ECF
  2. long term acid/base balance (lungs)
  3. excrete metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  4. produce erythropoietin and renin
  5. convert vitamin D to its active form
  6. carry out gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
22
Q

transport maximum (Tm)

A

for every reabsorbed substance, number carriers in renal tubules available for facilitated diffusion or cotransport mechanisms

  • carriers saturated > excess excreted in urine (hyperglycemia)
    • glucose in urine: glycosuria
      excess glucose in urine holds water and more urine is excreted with glucose
23
Q

renal threshold

A

the concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin to remove it into the urine

24
Q

GFR

A

vol of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys
(normal: 120-125 ml/min)

GFR is directly proportional to:

  1. NFP
  2. total surface area available for filtration
  3. filtration membrane permeability

High BP = high GFR

25
Q

what is the countercurrent multiplier and what is its function?

A

loop of Henle

creates gradient

  1. efficiently reabsorbs solutes and water before reaching the DCT & CD
  2. establishes concentration gradient that permits passive reabsorption of water from CD
26
Q

differentiate active and passive transport and explain the advantage of active over passive in the loop of Henle

A

passive does not require energy; need active to transport Na+ across & out of thick segment of ascending limb of loop

27
Q

what makes up the trigone are and what is its significance?

A

triangular area outlined by openings of ureter and urethra

clinically significant because infections tend to persist in this region

28
Q

what’s involved in the micturition reflex that causes urination?

A
  1. contraction of the detrusor muscle by the ANS
  2. opening of the internal urethral sphincter by the ANS
  3. opening of the external urethral sphincter by the SNS
29
Q

name and differentiate the 2 types of nephrons in the kidneys

A

cortical: (85%), short nephron loop, glomerulus further away from cortical-medullary junction, efferent arteriole supples peritubular capillaries
juxtamedullary: long loops deep in medulla, ascending limb has thick and thin segments, important in production of concentrated urine, PCT/DCT/glomerulus in cortex, glomerulus closer to cortical-medullary junction, efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

30
Q

vasa recta

A

bundles of “straight” vessels parallel to loop of Henle

arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

thin-walled

work with loop to concentrate urine

31
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

low pressure

porous for absorption

arise from efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons

cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex

empty into venues

readily absorb solutes and water from tubule cells as they reclaim these from filtrate

closely-packed

32
Q

what is osmosis, where does it occur in the nephron, and what is the benefit?

A

passive water reabsorption in the PCT

aided by aquaporins

movement of water concentrates and allows solutes to move down concentration gradients

water moves from areas of low to high solute concentration

33
Q

list each part of the nephron tubule system and tell what major event happens at each

A

PCT: reabsorption (secretion) due to microvilli

DCT: secretion

CD: intercalated cells (with microvilli (acid/base balance) and principle cells (Na+/H2O balance)

34
Q

in which part of the nephron tubule do ADH and aldosterone exert their effects, and what are the benefits from these 3 hormones?

A

DCT & CD

increased BP
increased BV

A&P 2 Final (10 decks)

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