R E S P I R A T O R Y

Question 1

describe the effect of prolonged vomiting on acid-base balance in the body

Answer 1

metabolic acidosis

Question 2

describe the effect of hyper- and hypoventilation in the body

Answer 2

hyperventilation: respiratory alkalosis - too little CO2 (hypocapnia)
hypoventilation: respiratory acidosis - too much CO2 (hypercapnia) and carbonic acid

Question 3

what are the conducting zone structures?

Answer 3

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

transport gases to and from exchange sites

Question 4

where does the respiratory zone begin?

Answer 4

alveoli

Question 5

where do the nasopharynx end and the oropharynx begin?

Answer 5

soft palate

Question 6

what parts of the pharynx receive both air and food?

Answer 6

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 7

glottis

Answer 7

opening between vocal folds

- opens and closes during speech

Question 8

epiglottis

Answer 8

elastic cartilage that covers larynx during swallowing

Question 9

what are 2 great physiological advantages that the anatomy of C-shaped tracheal cartilages offer?

Answer 9

1. allow large bolus of food to be swallowed easily

2. prevent collapse of trachea, allow it to expand and contract

Question 10

what is the 3 part structure that allows efficient gas exchange within the lungs?

Answer 10

respiratory membrane

Question 11

internal respiration

Answer 11

(IR)

systemic capillaries and tissues

O2 into tissues
CO2 into blood

Question 12

external respiration

Answer 12

(ER)

pulmonary capillaries and lungs, alveoli

O2 into blood
CO2 into alveoli

Question 13

When we test a patient for blood gases, what parameters would make up a blood gas panel?

Answer 13

11. If below 7.35 pH -> acidosis
    If above 7.45 pH -> alkalosis

Check Pco2
If > 45 mmHg, respiratory acidosis or respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis
If < 35 mmHg, respiratory alkalosis or respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis

Check HCO3-
If > 26 mEq/L, metabolic alkalosis or renal compensation for respiratory acidosis
If <22 mEq/L, metabolic acidosis or renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis

Question 14

Describe the relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure when there is no air movement

Answer 14

equal

Question 15

describe the relationship between gas volume and gas pressure according to Boyle’s law

Answer 15

P1V1=P2V2

P & V are inversely proportional

Question 16

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 16

bringing air into and out of lungs

inspiration & expiration

Question 17

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 17

M: 500ml
F: 500ml

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
- resting condition

Question 18

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 18

M: 3100ml
F: 1900ml

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Question 19

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 19

M: 1200ml
F: 700ml

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Question 20

residual volume (RV)

Answer 20

M: 1200ml
F: 1100 ml

amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

Question 21

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 21

M: 6000 ml
F: 4200 ml

max amount of air contained in lungs after a max inspiratory effort

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 22

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 22

M: 4800 ml
F: 3100 ml

max amount of air that can be expired after a max inspiratory effort

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Question 23

inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 23

M: 3600 ml
F: 2400 ml

max amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

IC = TV + IRV

Question 24

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 24

M: 2400ml
F: 1800 ml

volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal tidal volume expiration

FRC = ERV + RV

Question 25

fully describe CO2 transport in the blood

Answer 25

dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, HCO3- in plasma (70%) -CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Question 26

describe the changes in partial pressures of O2 and CO2 throughout the body

Answer 26

lungs: Po2 in venous blood: 40 mmHg Po2 in alveoli = 104 mmHg Pco2 in blood = 45 mmHg Pco2 in alveoli = 40 mmHg Tissues: Po2 in systemic arterial blood > tissues Pco2 in systemic arterial blood < tissues

Question 27

Thinking of the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve, which factors would increase hemoglobin's unloading of oxygen to the tissues? Which ones would decrease unloading?

Answer 27

``` increase unloading: decrease Hb binding affinity for O2 increase T increase H+ (acidic) increase Pco2 increase BPG ``` (vice versa with decreased unloading)

Question 28

hypercapnia

Answer 28

high PCO2 levels in blood | - increases breathing rate to rid body of CO2

Question 29

hypocapnia

Answer 29

low PCO2 levels in blood