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A&P 2 Final > R E S P I R A T O R Y > Flashcards

R E S P I R A T O R Y Flashcards

1
Q

describe the effect of prolonged vomiting on acid-base balance in the body

A

metabolic acidosis

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2
Q

describe the effect of hyper- and hypoventilation in the body

A

hyperventilation: respiratory alkalosis - too little CO2 (hypocapnia)
hypoventilation: respiratory acidosis - too much CO2 (hypercapnia) and carbonic acid

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3
Q

what are the conducting zone structures?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

transport gases to and from exchange sites

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4
Q

where does the respiratory zone begin?

A

alveoli

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5
Q

where do the nasopharynx end and the oropharynx begin?

A

soft palate

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6
Q

what parts of the pharynx receive both air and food?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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7
Q

glottis

A

opening between vocal folds

- opens and closes during speech

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8
Q

epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage that covers larynx during swallowing

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9
Q

what are 2 great physiological advantages that the anatomy of C-shaped tracheal cartilages offer?

A
  1. allow large bolus of food to be swallowed easily

2. prevent collapse of trachea, allow it to expand and contract

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10
Q

what is the 3 part structure that allows efficient gas exchange within the lungs?

A

respiratory membrane

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11
Q

internal respiration

A

(IR)

systemic capillaries and tissues

O2 into tissues
CO2 into blood

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12
Q

external respiration

A

(ER)

pulmonary capillaries and lungs, alveoli

O2 into blood
CO2 into alveoli

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13
Q

When we test a patient for blood gases, what parameters would make up a blood gas panel?

A
  1. If below 7.35 pH -> acidosis
    If above 7.45 pH -> alkalosis

Check Pco2
If > 45 mmHg, respiratory acidosis or respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis
If < 35 mmHg, respiratory alkalosis or respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis

Check HCO3-
If > 26 mEq/L, metabolic alkalosis or renal compensation for respiratory acidosis
If <22 mEq/L, metabolic acidosis or renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis

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14
Q

Describe the relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure when there is no air movement

A

equal

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15
Q

describe the relationship between gas volume and gas pressure according to Boyle’s law

A

P1V1=P2V2

P & V are inversely proportional

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16
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

bringing air into and out of lungs

inspiration & expiration

17
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

M: 500ml
F: 500ml

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
- resting condition

18
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

M: 3100ml
F: 1900ml

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

19
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

M: 1200ml
F: 700ml

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

20
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

M: 1200ml
F: 1100 ml

amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

21
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

M: 6000 ml
F: 4200 ml

max amount of air contained in lungs after a max inspiratory effort

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

22
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

M: 4800 ml
F: 3100 ml

max amount of air that can be expired after a max inspiratory effort

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

23
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

M: 3600 ml
F: 2400 ml

max amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

IC = TV + IRV

24
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

M: 2400ml
F: 1800 ml

volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal tidal volume expiration

FRC = ERV + RV

25
Q

fully describe CO2 transport in the blood

A

dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, HCO3- in plasma (70%)

-CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

26
Q

describe the changes in partial pressures of O2 and CO2 throughout the body

A

lungs: Po2 in venous blood: 40 mmHg
Po2 in alveoli = 104 mmHg
Pco2 in blood = 45 mmHg
Pco2 in alveoli = 40 mmHg

Tissues:
Po2 in systemic arterial blood > tissues
Pco2 in systemic arterial blood < tissues

27
Q

Thinking of the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve, which factors would increase hemoglobin’s unloading of oxygen to the tissues? Which ones would decrease unloading?

A 
increase unloading: 
decrease Hb binding affinity for O2
increase T
increase H+ (acidic)
increase Pco2
increase BPG

(vice versa with decreased unloading)

28
Q

hypercapnia

A

high PCO2 levels in blood

- increases breathing rate to rid body of CO2

29
Q

hypocapnia

A

low PCO2 levels in blood

A&P 2 Final (10 decks)

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