R E S P I R A T O R Y Flashcards
describe the effect of prolonged vomiting on acid-base balance in the body
metabolic acidosis
describe the effect of hyper- and hypoventilation in the body
hyperventilation: respiratory alkalosis - too little CO2 (hypocapnia)
hypoventilation: respiratory acidosis - too much CO2 (hypercapnia) and carbonic acid
what are the conducting zone structures?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
transport gases to and from exchange sites
where does the respiratory zone begin?
alveoli
where do the nasopharynx end and the oropharynx begin?
soft palate
what parts of the pharynx receive both air and food?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
glottis
opening between vocal folds
- opens and closes during speech
epiglottis
elastic cartilage that covers larynx during swallowing
what are 2 great physiological advantages that the anatomy of C-shaped tracheal cartilages offer?
- allow large bolus of food to be swallowed easily
2. prevent collapse of trachea, allow it to expand and contract
what is the 3 part structure that allows efficient gas exchange within the lungs?
respiratory membrane
internal respiration
(IR)
systemic capillaries and tissues
O2 into tissues
CO2 into blood
external respiration
(ER)
pulmonary capillaries and lungs, alveoli
O2 into blood
CO2 into alveoli
When we test a patient for blood gases, what parameters would make up a blood gas panel?
- If below 7.35 pH -> acidosis
If above 7.45 pH -> alkalosis
Check Pco2
If > 45 mmHg, respiratory acidosis or respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis
If < 35 mmHg, respiratory alkalosis or respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis
Check HCO3-
If > 26 mEq/L, metabolic alkalosis or renal compensation for respiratory acidosis
If <22 mEq/L, metabolic acidosis or renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis
Describe the relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure when there is no air movement
equal
describe the relationship between gas volume and gas pressure according to Boyle’s law
P1V1=P2V2
P & V are inversely proportional
pulmonary ventilation
bringing air into and out of lungs
inspiration & expiration
Tidal Volume (TV)
M: 500ml
F: 500ml
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
- resting condition
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
M: 3100ml
F: 1900ml
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
M: 1200ml
F: 700ml
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
residual volume (RV)
M: 1200ml
F: 1100 ml
amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
total lung capacity (TLC)
M: 6000 ml
F: 4200 ml
max amount of air contained in lungs after a max inspiratory effort
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
vital capacity (VC)
M: 4800 ml
F: 3100 ml
max amount of air that can be expired after a max inspiratory effort
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
inspiratory capacity (IC)
M: 3600 ml
F: 2400 ml
max amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
IC = TV + IRV
functional residual capacity (FRC)
M: 2400ml
F: 1800 ml
volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal tidal volume expiration
FRC = ERV + RV
fully describe CO2 transport in the blood
dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, HCO3- in plasma (70%)
-CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
describe the changes in partial pressures of O2 and CO2 throughout the body
lungs: Po2 in venous blood: 40 mmHg
Po2 in alveoli = 104 mmHg
Pco2 in blood = 45 mmHg
Pco2 in alveoli = 40 mmHg
Tissues:
Po2 in systemic arterial blood > tissues
Pco2 in systemic arterial blood < tissues
Thinking of the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve, which factors would increase hemoglobin’s unloading of oxygen to the tissues? Which ones would decrease unloading?
increase unloading: decrease Hb binding affinity for O2 increase T increase H+ (acidic) increase Pco2 increase BPG
(vice versa with decreased unloading)
hypercapnia
high PCO2 levels in blood
- increases breathing rate to rid body of CO2
hypocapnia
low PCO2 levels in blood
