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A&P 2 Final > I M M U N I T Y > Flashcards

I M M U N I T Y Flashcards

1
Q

functions of lymphatics and lymph nodes

A
  1. filtration & immune system activation
  2. defend body against environmental hazards & internal threats
  3. immunological recognition
  4. immune effector functions
  5. immune suppression
  6. immunological memory
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2
Q

where does the lymph return to the circulatory system?

A
  1. right lymphatic duct

2. thoracic duct

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3
Q

what mechanisms keep lymph flowing through the lymph valves?

A
  1. mini valves
  2. pulsations of nearby arteries
  3. contraction of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatic vessels
  4. breathing
  5. pumping of skeletal muscles
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4
Q

what major cell type is in the red pulp of the spleen?

A

RBCs & blood borne pathogens

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5
Q

what major cell type is in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

lymphocytes

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6
Q

describe the non-specific defense, fever

A
  1. abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms
  2. the body’s thermostat is reset upward in response to pyrogens, chemicals secreted by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to bacteria and other foreign substances
  3. IL-1 is secreted by macrophages and stimulates hypothalamus to increase temperature set point (called endogenous pyrogen)
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7
Q

describe the non-specific defense, complement

A
  1. system of circulatory proteins that assist antibodies in destruction of pathogens
  2. links innate and adaptive immunity
  3. amplifies inflammatory response
  4. membrane attack complex: pore in cell and lyse cell
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8
Q

describe the non-specific defense, interferon

A

chemical messages that coordinate the defense against viral infections/inhibit viral replication

  1. virus enters cell and nucleus to replicate (cell is later killed by virus)
  2. interferon genes switch on
  3. cell produces interferon molecules
  4. interferon binding stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
  5. antiviral proteins block viral production
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9
Q

what changes (or 4 cardinal signs) would occur as a result of inflammation due to histamine increasing blood flow and permeability of blood vessels?

A

arteriole dilation & local hyperemia

  1. heat
  2. redness

increased capillary permeability > capillaries leak fluid (exudate - protein-rich fluid)

  1. pain
  2. swelling
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10
Q

MHC 1

A

displayed by all nucleated cells

recognized by CD8 (cytotoxic T cells)

endogenous antigens

MHC 1 + IL-1 > cytotoxic T cells

(phagocytes, performs, granzymes)

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11
Q

MHC 2

A

displayed by all APCs (antigen-presenting cells)

recognized by CD4 (helper T cells)

exogenous antigen

APC w/ antigen displayed on MHC 2 + CD4 T cell + B7 to CD28 > T helper cells & T memory cells

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12
Q

how are B cells activated?

A

B cells are activated by T helper cells + IL-2 > memory B cells and plasma cells

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13
Q

describe an antibody

A

antigen binding site: variable regions of light and heavy chains

variable region: determines what the antigen binds to

constant region: determines class of antibody

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14
Q

what defense mechanisms do antibodies use to prepare antigens for destruction?

A
  1. neutralization
  2. agglutination
  3. precipitation
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15
Q

define HIV & discuss its mechanism of infection & its specific target cells

A

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

targets CD4 cells via surface proteins/ destroys T helper cells; inject RNA > DNA (reverse transcriptase), DNA > genotype > DNA provirus > viral DNA & proteins that spread

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16
Q

where does HIV reside during the asymptomatic period?

A

inside helper T cells

17
Q

after activation, what are the killing actions of cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

A

directly attack and kill other cells

perforin and granzymes to cause apoptosis

enhance phagocytosis

18
Q

describe innate immunity

A
  1. non-specific
  2. always present
  3. physical barriers (skin, mucous)
  4. phagocytes
  5. immune surveillance
  6. interferons
  7. complement
  8. inflammation
  9. fever
19
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A

(acquired)

  1. specific lymphocytes
  2. specific
  3. B & T cells
  4. inducible
20
Q

define active humoral immunity & artificial/natural elements

A

when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

artificial: vaccine
natural: infection

21
Q

define passive humoral immunity & artificial? natural elements

A

instead of being made by plasma cells, ready-made antibodies are introduced into body > B cells not challenged by antigens, immunological memory does not occur, and protection provided by borrowed antibodies ends when they degrade in the body

artificial: injection
natural: placenta

22
Q

humoral immunity definition

A

B cells; soluble antibodies, simple, interact in extracellular

23
Q

cell-mediated immunity definition

A

T cells: recognize and respond to processed fragment of antigen displayed on cell surface, cell to cell interaction, intracellular abnormal or foreign infected cells

24
Q

major function of interleukins

A

IL-2: stimulates fever and is released by macrophages to stimulate T cells to release IL-@ and synthesize more IL-2 receptors

stimulate T cell divisions, attract/stimulate macrophages, attract and stimulate NK (natural killer) cells, promote activation of B cells

25
Q

describe in correct order the sequence of events that leads to activation of cytotoxic T cells and the cell-mediated immune response

A

MHC1 + CD8 + (co-stimulate) IL-2 > cytotoxic T cells > perforins and granzymes

26
Q

perforins definition:

A

insert in target cell membrane to form a pore (cell can’t maintain homeostasis)

27
Q

granzymes definition

A

enter target cell through pore and release enzymes that degrade cell

28
Q

what happens to our immune system as we age?

A

it slows down

29
Q

primary immune response details

A
  1. activation and differentiation of B cells
  2. lag time of 3-5 days before increase in plasma antibodies
  3. plasma antibodies peak within 10 days and then decline quickly
30
Q

secondary immune response details

A
  1. faster and more effective than primary
  2. memory cells are present and primed for attack
  3. new plasma cells are generated within hours
  4. plasma antibodies peak at high levels within 2-3 days
  5. plasma antibodies bind more tightly to their antigen
  6. plasma antibodies stay elevated for longer

A&P 2 Final (10 decks)

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