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Pathology Yr1 > Types of Necrosis: unprogrammed cell death > Flashcards

Types of Necrosis: unprogrammed cell death Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Accidental, unprogrammed cell death in response to irreversible cell injury

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2
Q

What cellular components are damaged and so trigger necrosis?

A

Membranes

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3
Q

What 2 responses are triggered by damage to cell membranes in necrosis?

A

Lysosomal digestion, cell leakage triggers inflammatory response

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4
Q

Are there different types of causes for necrosis?

A

Cause is always pathological

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5
Q

Give 4 examples of pathological causes that trigger necrosis?

A

Ischaemia, toxins, trauma, infections

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6
Q

How do calcium ions cause mitochondrial damage which leads to necrosis?

A

Calcium ions enter cell which stimulates Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pores (MPTP) to open in inner membrane, so ATP is depleted

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7
Q

How does calcium cause DNA damage which leads to necrosis?

A

Calcium activates enzymes that cause DNA damage, as well as nuclear and membrane damage

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8
Q

How does free radical damage occur, that leads to necrosis?

A

Free radicals are highly reactive unpaired electrons that modify adjacent molecules eg. proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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9
Q

How do free radicals affect interacting molecules in auto-catalytic reactions?

A

Converts interacting molecules into free radicals

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10
Q

What are the 2 ways in which antioxidants protect against free radical damage, preventing necrosis?

A

Block free radical formation, inactivate free radicals

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11
Q

What 3 vitamins are antioxidants that protect against free radical damage, preventing necrosis?

A

Vitamins A,C,E

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12
Q

What substance is an antioxidant that protects against free radical damage, preventing necrosis?

A

Glutathione

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13
Q

Which 2 immune cells produce ROS free radicals in large amounts?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages

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14
Q

What is coagulative necrosis caused by?

A

Ischaemia

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15
Q

What are the 2 microscopic features of coagulative necrosis?

A

Cells have lost their nuclei, eosinophilia (hyper-pink H&E stained cytoplasm)

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16
Q

What is the macroscopic feature of coagulative necrosis?

A

Necrotic area is paler than healthy tissues

17
Q

What causes coagulative necrosis in the kidney, and what does this lead to?

A

Thromboembolism, which causes coagulative necrosis leading to renal infarct

18
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

Thrombus breaks off and travels through bloodstream, blocking off vessel in which it gets stuck

19
Q

What 2 conditions cause liquefactive necrosis?

A

Bacterial infection, stroke

20
Q

What is the macroscopic feature of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Viscous liquid mass formed as dead tissue is digested

21
Q

What causes ischaemial stroke that leads to liquefactive necrosis in brain?

A

Thromboembolus blocking cerebral artery

22
Q

How does ischaemial stroke affect brain’s structural strength?

A

Surface collapses

23
Q

What causes gangrenous necrosis?

A

Severe ischaemia

24
Q

What causes dry gangrene?

A

Lack of blood supply to tissues, so it is a form of coagulative necrosis that occurs in different tissue planes

25
Q

What causes wet gangrene?

A

Dry gangrene exposed to bacterial infection, also a form of liquefactive necrosis

26
Q

Where in the body does gangrenous necrosis generally occur?

A

Extremities

27
Q

What are the 2 macroscopic features of gangrenous necrosis?

A

Blackened skin, putrefaction (rotting)

28
Q

What are the 2 microscopic features of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils

29
Q

How are the microscopic features of wet and dry gangrene different?

A

Wet is similar to liquefactive necrosis features, dry is similar to coagulative necrosis features

30
Q

What causes caseous necrosis?

A

Foreign noxious stimulus eg. tuberculosis can’t be destroyed by immune system, so is contained

31
Q

What stain is used to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis, and what colour does it stain the bacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain, can see red acid-fast bacilli

32
Q

What is the most common cause of caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis, usually in lungs

33
Q

What structure is formed by caseous necrosis?

A

Caseating granuloma that contains necrotic tissue and a border of fibroblasts and macrophages

34
Q

What is the macroscopic feature of caseous necrosis?

A

Cheese-like yellow sphere with border

35
Q

What are the 2 microscopic features of caseous necrosis?

A

Large multinucleated cells, macrophages

36
Q

What condition causes fat necrosis?

A

Acute pancreatitis

37
Q

What enzymes are released from the inflamed pancreas in acute pancreatitis, that causes fat necrosis?

A

Pancreatic lipase

38
Q

What is the macroscopic feature of fat necrosis?

A

Swollen hemorrhagic pancreas

39
Q

What are the 3 microscopic features of fat necrosis?

A

Infiltrate of macrophages, anucleated adipocytes, unclear borders between adipocytes

Pathology Yr1 (20 decks)

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