Functional histology of mesodermal structures

Question 1

What are the 3 general structures formed from the mesoderm?

Answer 1

Connective tissue, muscle, mesothelial lining of body cavities

Question 2

Give 6 examples of connective tissue?

Answer 2

Bone, bone marrow, skin dermis, cartilage, blood vessels, endothelial cells of vessel walls

Question 3

How is skeletal muscle movement generated?

Answer 3

Interaction of contractile proteins actin and myosin

Question 4

Why is skeletal muscle a voluntary muscle?

Answer 4

Contraction can be controlled

Question 5

Why is skeletal muscle a striated muscle?

Answer 5

Arrangement of contractile proteins give a striated (striped) appearance

Question 6

What cell type can smooth muscle cells be classed as, in terms of their structure?

Answer 6

Spindle cell

Question 7

What gives smooth muscle a smooth, non-striated appearance?

Answer 7

Arrangement of contractile proteins

Question 8

Give 5 examples of structures which have smooth muscle present in their walls?

Answer 8

Blood vessels, GI tract, bladder, ureter, myometrium (muscle wall) of uterus

Question 9

Why is smooth muscle described as involuntary muscle?

Answer 9

Continuous contraction that is controlled and by autonomic nervous system and hormones

Question 10

What is another term for involuntary muscle?

Answer 10

Visceral muscle

Question 11

What is the structure of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 11

Long, cylindrical with nucleus in middle of cell, ends of cell has branches

Question 12

Why are there branches on the ends of a cardiac muscle cell?

Answer 12

To join to adjacent cardiac muscle cells’ branches and form a 3D continuous network

Question 13

Describe the appearance of cardiac muscle?

Answer 13

Cross striations

Question 14

Why are cardiac muscle contractions strong and highly energy-consuming?

Answer 14

Continuous rhythmic contractions generated

Question 15

What cells initiate cardiac muscle contraction?

Answer 15

Pacemaker cells

Question 16

What 2 stimuli can modify cardiac muscle contractions?

Answer 16

Autonomic, hormonal

Question 17

What type of stem cell is produced in bone marrow?

Answer 17

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 18

What cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 18

All cell types in the adult lineage

Question 19

How can neutrophils be identified in a microscopic image?

Answer 19

Mickey-mouse shaped nucleus (multi-lobed)

Question 20

In what conditions is the neutrophil blood count high?

Answer 20

Acute inflammation, bacterial infection

Question 21

Do erythrocyte precursors cluster in groups or remain isolated?

Answer 21

Cluster in groups

Question 22

What 3 characteristic features are used to identify megakaryocytes in a microscopic image?

Answer 22

Large cell, pink cytoplasm, multi-lobed nucleus

Question 23

What 2 characteristic features are used to identify eosinophils in a microscopic image?

Answer 23

Bi-lobed nucleus, bright red granules

Question 24

In asthmatic individuals, where is there a high eosinophil count?

Answer 24

In and beneath respiratory epithelium of bronchioles

Question 25

In what 2 conditions is there a high eosinophil count?

Answer 25

Allergic reactions, asthmatic individuals

Question 26

How can macrophages be identified in a microscopic image?

Answer 26

Brown debris in cytoplasm

Question 27

How can monocytes be identified in a microscopic image?

Answer 27

bean-shaped nucleus

Question 28

How can T and B lymphocytes be identified in a microscopic image?

Answer 28

Very large nucleus, little rim of cytoplasm

Question 29

What 3 characteristic features are used to identify a plasma cell in a microscopic image?

Answer 29

Eccentric nucleus (on one side of cell)

Chromatin in clock-face pattern

Paranuclear hof representing golgi apparatus

Question 30

What does the paranuclear hof of a plasma cell look like in an microscopic image?

Answer 30

Pale area