Functional histology of mesodermal structures Flashcards
What are the 3 general structures formed from the mesoderm?
Connective tissue, muscle, mesothelial lining of body cavities
Give 6 examples of connective tissue?
Bone, bone marrow, skin dermis, cartilage, blood vessels, endothelial cells of vessel walls
How is skeletal muscle movement generated?
Interaction of contractile proteins actin and myosin
Why is skeletal muscle a voluntary muscle?
Contraction can be controlled
Why is skeletal muscle a striated muscle?
Arrangement of contractile proteins give a striated (striped) appearance
What cell type can smooth muscle cells be classed as, in terms of their structure?
Spindle cell
What gives smooth muscle a smooth, non-striated appearance?
Arrangement of contractile proteins
Give 5 examples of structures which have smooth muscle present in their walls?
Blood vessels, GI tract, bladder, ureter, myometrium (muscle wall) of uterus
Why is smooth muscle described as involuntary muscle?
Continuous contraction that is controlled and by autonomic nervous system and hormones
What is another term for involuntary muscle?
Visceral muscle
What is the structure of cardiac muscle cells?
Long, cylindrical with nucleus in middle of cell, ends of cell has branches
Why are there branches on the ends of a cardiac muscle cell?
To join to adjacent cardiac muscle cells’ branches and form a 3D continuous network
Describe the appearance of cardiac muscle?
Cross striations
Why are cardiac muscle contractions strong and highly energy-consuming?
Continuous rhythmic contractions generated
What cells initiate cardiac muscle contraction?
Pacemaker cells
What 2 stimuli can modify cardiac muscle contractions?
Autonomic, hormonal
What type of stem cell is produced in bone marrow?
Pluripotent stem cells
What cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells?
All cell types in the adult lineage
How can neutrophils be identified in a microscopic image?
Mickey-mouse shaped nucleus (multi-lobed)
In what conditions is the neutrophil blood count high?
Acute inflammation, bacterial infection
Do erythrocyte precursors cluster in groups or remain isolated?
Cluster in groups
What 3 characteristic features are used to identify megakaryocytes in a microscopic image?
Large cell, pink cytoplasm, multi-lobed nucleus
What 2 characteristic features are used to identify eosinophils in a microscopic image?
Bi-lobed nucleus, bright red granules
In asthmatic individuals, where is there a high eosinophil count?
In and beneath respiratory epithelium of bronchioles
In what 2 conditions is there a high eosinophil count?
Allergic reactions, asthmatic individuals
How can macrophages be identified in a microscopic image?
Brown debris in cytoplasm
How can monocytes be identified in a microscopic image?
bean-shaped nucleus
How can T and B lymphocytes be identified in a microscopic image?
Very large nucleus, little rim of cytoplasm
What 3 characteristic features are used to identify a plasma cell in a microscopic image?
Eccentric nucleus (on one side of cell)
Chromatin in clock-face pattern
Paranuclear hof representing golgi apparatus
What does the paranuclear hof of a plasma cell look like in an microscopic image?
Pale area
