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Pathology Yr1 > Acute inflammation cellular phase: mast cells and arachidonic acid cycle > Flashcards

Acute inflammation cellular phase: mast cells and arachidonic acid cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue can mast cells be found in?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the 3 ways of activating mast cells in acute inflammation?

A

Trauma to tissue

Cross-linking of IgE on surface by antigen

Anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a

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3
Q

What molecules do mast cells contain that can be released immediately in acute inflammation?

A

Preformed cytoplasmic histamine granules

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4
Q

Why are preformed histamine granules immediately released from mast cell cytoplasm in acute inflammation?

A

To allow immediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

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5
Q

What class of molecules can mast cells produce to delay their response?

A

Arachidonic acid derivatives

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6
Q

What cycle are arachidonic acid derivatives produced from?

A

Arachidonic acid cycle

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7
Q

Give 2 examples of arachidonic acid derivatives produced by mast cells in acute inflammation?

A

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins

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8
Q

In the arachidonic acid cycle, how is arachidonic acid formed in mast cells?

A

Membrane phospholipids converted by phospholipase to arachidonic acid

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9
Q

What 2 enzymes acts on arachidonic acid to produce prostaglandins?

A

Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2

COX-1, COX-2

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10
Q

What 3 cell types produce prostaglandins?

A

Mast cells, endothelial cells, macrophages

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11
Q

What are the 3 main prostaglandins produced in acute inflammation?

A

PGI2

PGD2

PGE2

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12
Q

What are the 2 effects of PGI2 and PGD2 in acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

Increased vascular permeability

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13
Q

What are the 2 effects of PGE2 in acute inflammation?

A

Pain

Raises temperature in set point in hypothalamus to cause fever

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14
Q

What enzyme acts on arachidonic acid to produce leukotrienes?

A

5-lipoxygenase

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15
Q

What 3 effects do leukotrienes C4,D4,E4 cause?

A

Bronchospasms

Increased vascular permeability

Vasoconstriction

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16
Q

What effect does leukotriene B4 cause?

A

Neutrophil attraction and activation

17
Q

What 4 leukotrienes are important in acute inflammation?

A

B4,C4,D4,E4

18
Q

How can steroids modify the arachidonic acid cycle and control inflammation?

A

Prevent transcription of genes that code for cytokines eg. IL-1, TNF

Or for enzymes eg. COX-2, phospholipase A2, nitric oxide synthase

19
Q

How can NSAIDs modify the arachidonic acid cycle and control inflammation?

A

Act as COX inhibitors

eg. aspirin

20
Q

What condition can leukotriene production inhibitor drugs treat?

A

Asthma

21
Q

How can TNF inhibitors control inflammation?

A

Reduce upregulation of ICAM and VCAM, which regulate adhesion and recruitment of leucocytes

22
Q
A

Pathology Yr1 (20 decks)

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