Types of Diseases Flashcards
Bacteria- Structure
Eukaryotic unicellular material
Nucleoid, Pilus, Plasmid, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic membrane, Cell wall, Capsule, Flagellum
Nucleoid
a mass of genetic material
Pilus
a hair or a structure resembling a hair
Plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of chromosomes
Ribosome
structures that make proteins
Cytoplasm
a gel-like material in where ribosomes and genetic material are suspended
Cytoplasmic membrane
a thin layer of phospholipids and proteins that controls movement of nutrients in and out of cell
Cell Wall
thin peptidoglycan with outer layer lipopolysaccharide vs. thick peptidoglycan with no outer layer
Capsule
a third layer that helps prevent bacteria from drying out of being engulfed by larger microorganisms
Flagellum
a slender thread-like structure used for motility
Bacteria- Classification
Cell Call thickness: gram negative vs gram positive
Shapes: Spherical (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), and Spiral-shaped (spirochete)
Gram negative
thin cell walls; pink or red when dyed
Gram positive
thick cell walls; blue or purple when dyed
Virus- Structure
Capsid, Nucleocapsid, envelope, nucleic acid, polyhedral or spherical in shape
Capsid
protein Shell that encloses the nucleic acid
-Protect nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes
-contain special sites on surface to allow virion to attach to host cell
-provide proteins that enable it to penetrate host cell membrane and can inject nucleic acid into cell’s cytoplasm
Nucleocapsid
shell around nucleic acid made of capsomers
Envelope
composed of two lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules (lipoprotein bilayer), may contain material from membrane of a host cell as well as virus -> later on replaces cell membrane proteins with its own
Nucleic acid
single verses double stranded DNA or RNA
Double Stranded (ds) DNA
replicate by entering host cell nucleus -> use host cell polymerases->make messenger RNA-> transcription complex binds to DNA-> RNA polymerase used to make mRNA using negative strand of the DNA
Single Stranded (ss) DNA
use same mechanism for transcription as dsDNA viruses, but ssDNA first converted into double-stranded form by host DNA polymerases in cell nucleus
Double stranded (ds) RNA
enter host cells-> mRNA made by transcribing negative strand-> mRNA produced used either for translation to produce viral proteins or as a template for genome replication
Positice sense single stranded (ss+)RNA
genome acts as mRNA (no transcription needed for translation)-> produce +sense copies from neg sense strands of intermediate dsRNA genome-> acts both in transcription and as a replication molecule
Negative sense singe stranded (ss-) RNA
transcribe mRNA directly from neg sense genome, some are ambisense- both post and neg strands separately encode viral proteins-> produce two separate mRNA strands: 1 directly from neg sense genome and 1 from complementary pos sense strand
Single stranded RNA with DNA intermediate
retrovirus, embed in the host
Double-stranded DNA with RNA intermediate
has a gap that is repaired to create a complete dsDNA genome
Protozoa
parasite
-unicellular eukaryotes with vesicular nuclei enclosed in membrane; also have cilia, flagella, and psuedopodia
-organelles similar to higher animals
- Pellicle, Endosome/Karyosome
-cytoplasm has both ectoplasm and endoplasm
Pellicle
a thin skin or film covering on some protozoa; can be rigid
Endosome/Karyosome
intracellular sorting organelles that regulate trafficking of proteins and lipids among other subcellular compartments of secretory and endocytic pathway
Nematodes
Helminths, parasite
- cylindrical in shape
-body wall composed of a noncellular outer cuticle that is a chemically complex structure with a thin hypodermis and musculature
Alae, Bursa
Alae
longitudinal ridges in cuticle in some species
Bursa
flap-like extension of cuticle found on males to help attach to females for mating
Cestodes
Helminth, parasite
- flat, elongated, and contain multiple segments -> can be relatively short or extremely long
-PROGLOTTIDS, scolex, neck, strobila
-lacks alimentary organs
Proglottid
each segment of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system
Scolex
head of parasite; has different mechanisms of latching of depending on species
Neck
region of segment proliferation
Strobila
chain of proglottids
Trematodes
Helminth, parasite
- leaf-like, bilaterally symmetrical, and dorsoventrally flattened
-have an oral sucker and acetabulum or sucker on ventrum to help adhere to host
-organs are embedded into parenchyma or connective tissue
-very developed alimentary system
-hermaphrodites
Dimorphic fungi
2 form lifecycle- yeast (pathogenic) and mold (saprobic)
Pathogenic
species dependent
-spherule with endospores and thick encapsulating wall
-thick walled budding yeast
-intracellular budding yeast
Saprobic
species dependent
-septate hyphae branch at right angles, develop into arthroconidia with brittle empty septae in between
-oval or pear-shaped conidia on tips of short conidiophores on septate hyphae
-sunflower-like large tuberculate macroconidia and small tear drop like microconidia
Monomorphic
-filamentous hypha with foot cells that attach to substrate in L or T shapes and provide nourishment
-conidiophore, vesicle, conidia, mycelium, cytoplasm
Conidiophore
slender, long, and perpendicular to foot cells
a conidium-bearing hypha or filament
Vesicle
spherical, elliptical, or club-shaped structure; forms layer of phialide cells
Conidia
exogenous reproductive component developed from sterigmata; arranged in chains, with youngest conidia at base and oldest at the top
Mycelium
tubular, septate, multinucleated, multicellular, hyaline, and branched structure; surrounded an outer and inner layer made of chitin
Cytoplasm
granular appearance composed of cytoplasmic organelles
Ecotoxicology
branch of science that deals with nature, effects, and interactions of substances that are harmful to environment and wildlife
pesticide use affecting wildlife and arthropod populations
linked to cancer, endocrine disruption, reproductice effects, neurotoxicity, kidney and liver damage, birth defects, and developmental changes in a wide range of species
pharmaceutical pollution on avian and invertebrate populations
causes alteration in growth, reproduction, and behavior
air and water pollution from industries and humans
disruption of endocrine function, organ injury, increased vulnerability to stresses and diseases, lower reproductive success, and possible death
Infectious
a disease or disease-causing agent that is transmitted to an animal/human through the environment
Contagious
a disease or disease-causing agent that is transmitted between animals and/or humans
Dissemination
widely dispersed in a tissue, organ, or entire body
Acute
symptoms or signs that develop and progress quickly
Chronic
continuing disease over an extended period of time (generally longer than several weeks)
Vector-borne
infectious illnesses that are transmitted by a vector such as ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, sandflies, blackflies, kissing bugs
Reservoir
primary host that harbors pathogen but shows no ill effects and serves as a source or infection
Transstadial
type of transmission that occurs when a pathogen remains with vector from one life stage to the next
Transovarial
type of transmission that occurs when a pathogen can be passed from the female to offspring
Endospore
a resistant asexual spore that develops inside fungal spherule
Foot cells
part of filamentous hyphae that branches in a T or L pattern and helps hold the fungus to substrate
Arthroconidia
a type of fungal spore typically produced by segmentation of pre-existing fungal hyphae
Chitin
a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the cell walls of fungi
Sterigmata
a stalk or filament that bears conidia or spermatia
Phialide
a flask shaped projection from the vesicle
Tuberculate macroconidia
8-15 um in diameter conidia and have a thick wall with distinctive projections on the surface
