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WFSC 499 > Types of Diseases > Flashcards

Types of Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria- Structure

A

Eukaryotic unicellular material
Nucleoid, Pilus, Plasmid, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic membrane, Cell wall, Capsule, Flagellum

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2
Q

Nucleoid

A

a mass of genetic material

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3
Q

Pilus

A

a hair or a structure resembling a hair

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4
Q

Plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of chromosomes

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

structures that make proteins

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

a gel-like material in where ribosomes and genetic material are suspended

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7
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A

a thin layer of phospholipids and proteins that controls movement of nutrients in and out of cell

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

thin peptidoglycan with outer layer lipopolysaccharide vs. thick peptidoglycan with no outer layer

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9
Q

Capsule

A

a third layer that helps prevent bacteria from drying out of being engulfed by larger microorganisms

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10
Q

Flagellum

A

a slender thread-like structure used for motility

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11
Q

Bacteria- Classification

A

Cell Call thickness: gram negative vs gram positive
Shapes: Spherical (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), and Spiral-shaped (spirochete)

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12
Q

Gram negative

A

thin cell walls; pink or red when dyed

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13
Q

Gram positive

A

thick cell walls; blue or purple when dyed

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14
Q

Virus- Structure

A

Capsid, Nucleocapsid, envelope, nucleic acid, polyhedral or spherical in shape

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15
Q

Capsid

A

protein Shell that encloses the nucleic acid
-Protect nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes
-contain special sites on surface to allow virion to attach to host cell
-provide proteins that enable it to penetrate host cell membrane and can inject nucleic acid into cell’s cytoplasm

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16
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

shell around nucleic acid made of capsomers

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17
Q

Envelope

A

composed of two lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules (lipoprotein bilayer), may contain material from membrane of a host cell as well as virus -> later on replaces cell membrane proteins with its own

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18
Q

Nucleic acid

A

single verses double stranded DNA or RNA

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19
Q

Double Stranded (ds) DNA

A

replicate by entering host cell nucleus -> use host cell polymerases->make messenger RNA-> transcription complex binds to DNA-> RNA polymerase used to make mRNA using negative strand of the DNA

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20
Q

Single Stranded (ss) DNA

A

use same mechanism for transcription as dsDNA viruses, but ssDNA first converted into double-stranded form by host DNA polymerases in cell nucleus

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21
Q

Double stranded (ds) RNA

A

enter host cells-> mRNA made by transcribing negative strand-> mRNA produced used either for translation to produce viral proteins or as a template for genome replication

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22
Q

Positice sense single stranded (ss+)RNA

A

genome acts as mRNA (no transcription needed for translation)-> produce +sense copies from neg sense strands of intermediate dsRNA genome-> acts both in transcription and as a replication molecule

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23
Q

Negative sense singe stranded (ss-) RNA

A

transcribe mRNA directly from neg sense genome, some are ambisense- both post and neg strands separately encode viral proteins-> produce two separate mRNA strands: 1 directly from neg sense genome and 1 from complementary pos sense strand

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24
Q

Single stranded RNA with DNA intermediate

A

retrovirus, embed in the host

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25
Q

Double-stranded DNA with RNA intermediate

A

has a gap that is repaired to create a complete dsDNA genome

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26
Q

Protozoa

A

parasite
-unicellular eukaryotes with vesicular nuclei enclosed in membrane; also have cilia, flagella, and psuedopodia
-organelles similar to higher animals
- Pellicle, Endosome/Karyosome
-cytoplasm has both ectoplasm and endoplasm

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27
Q

Pellicle

A

a thin skin or film covering on some protozoa; can be rigid

28
Q

Endosome/Karyosome

A

intracellular sorting organelles that regulate trafficking of proteins and lipids among other subcellular compartments of secretory and endocytic pathway

29
Q

Nematodes

A

Helminths, parasite
- cylindrical in shape
-body wall composed of a noncellular outer cuticle that is a chemically complex structure with a thin hypodermis and musculature
Alae, Bursa

30
Q

Alae

A

longitudinal ridges in cuticle in some species

31
Q

Bursa

A

flap-like extension of cuticle found on males to help attach to females for mating

32
Q

Cestodes

A

Helminth, parasite
- flat, elongated, and contain multiple segments -> can be relatively short or extremely long
-PROGLOTTIDS, scolex, neck, strobila
-lacks alimentary organs

33
Q

Proglottid

A

each segment of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system

34
Q

Scolex

A

head of parasite; has different mechanisms of latching of depending on species

35
Q

Neck

A

region of segment proliferation

36
Q

Strobila

A

chain of proglottids

37
Q

Trematodes

A

Helminth, parasite
- leaf-like, bilaterally symmetrical, and dorsoventrally flattened
-have an oral sucker and acetabulum or sucker on ventrum to help adhere to host
-organs are embedded into parenchyma or connective tissue
-very developed alimentary system
-hermaphrodites

38
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

2 form lifecycle- yeast (pathogenic) and mold (saprobic)

39
Q

Pathogenic

A

species dependent
-spherule with endospores and thick encapsulating wall
-thick walled budding yeast
-intracellular budding yeast

40
Q

Saprobic

A

species dependent
-septate hyphae branch at right angles, develop into arthroconidia with brittle empty septae in between
-oval or pear-shaped conidia on tips of short conidiophores on septate hyphae
-sunflower-like large tuberculate macroconidia and small tear drop like microconidia

41
Q

Monomorphic

A

-filamentous hypha with foot cells that attach to substrate in L or T shapes and provide nourishment
-conidiophore, vesicle, conidia, mycelium, cytoplasm

42
Q

Conidiophore

A

slender, long, and perpendicular to foot cells
a conidium-bearing hypha or filament

43
Q

Vesicle

A

spherical, elliptical, or club-shaped structure; forms layer of phialide cells

44
Q

Conidia

A

exogenous reproductive component developed from sterigmata; arranged in chains, with youngest conidia at base and oldest at the top

45
Q

Mycelium

A

tubular, septate, multinucleated, multicellular, hyaline, and branched structure; surrounded an outer and inner layer made of chitin

46
Q

Cytoplasm

A

granular appearance composed of cytoplasmic organelles

47
Q

Ecotoxicology

A

branch of science that deals with nature, effects, and interactions of substances that are harmful to environment and wildlife

48
Q

pesticide use affecting wildlife and arthropod populations

A

linked to cancer, endocrine disruption, reproductice effects, neurotoxicity, kidney and liver damage, birth defects, and developmental changes in a wide range of species

49
Q

pharmaceutical pollution on avian and invertebrate populations

A

causes alteration in growth, reproduction, and behavior

50
Q

air and water pollution from industries and humans

A

disruption of endocrine function, organ injury, increased vulnerability to stresses and diseases, lower reproductive success, and possible death

51
Q

Infectious

A

a disease or disease-causing agent that is transmitted to an animal/human through the environment

52
Q

Contagious

A

a disease or disease-causing agent that is transmitted between animals and/or humans

53
Q

Dissemination

A

widely dispersed in a tissue, organ, or entire body

54
Q

Acute

A

symptoms or signs that develop and progress quickly

55
Q

Chronic

A

continuing disease over an extended period of time (generally longer than several weeks)

56
Q

Vector-borne

A

infectious illnesses that are transmitted by a vector such as ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, sandflies, blackflies, kissing bugs

57
Q

Reservoir

A

primary host that harbors pathogen but shows no ill effects and serves as a source or infection

58
Q

Transstadial

A

type of transmission that occurs when a pathogen remains with vector from one life stage to the next

59
Q

Transovarial

A

type of transmission that occurs when a pathogen can be passed from the female to offspring

60
Q

Endospore

A

a resistant asexual spore that develops inside fungal spherule

61
Q

Foot cells

A

part of filamentous hyphae that branches in a T or L pattern and helps hold the fungus to substrate

62
Q

Arthroconidia

A

a type of fungal spore typically produced by segmentation of pre-existing fungal hyphae

63
Q

Chitin

A

a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the cell walls of fungi

64
Q

Sterigmata

A

a stalk or filament that bears conidia or spermatia

65
Q

Phialide

A

a flask shaped projection from the vesicle

66
Q

Tuberculate macroconidia

A

8-15 um in diameter conidia and have a thick wall with distinctive projections on the surface

WFSC 499 (36 decks)

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