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WFSC 499 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of Immune System

A

Innate (Rapid) and Adaptive (slow)

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2
Q

Innate System (definition)

A

a protective system
always in place
do not depend on previous exposure to infectious agents, toxins, or other foreign chemicals
-skin, Cytokines, neutrophils, monocytes

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3
Q

Adaptive system

A

secondary protective system
made up of lymphocytes
require mediators to function (humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity)

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4
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Innate, skin (hair, feathers, and scales, if passed organic acids reduce success), and mucous membranes (cilia of respiratory and urogenital tracts, severely low stomach pH, enzymes)

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5
Q

Antimicrobial Defenses-Cytokines

A

Innate, Cytokine, interleukins, histamine, prostaglandins, interferons

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6
Q

Cytokine

A

extensive group of small proteins
produced by leukocytes
act as cellular growth and differentiation factors
influence immune responses of hosts (requires receptors), produces by basophils, platelets, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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7
Q

Interleukins

A

regulate interactions between lymphocytes and other leukocytes

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8
Q

Histamine

A

a compound released by cells in response to injury on allergic and inflammatory reactions, causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

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9
Q

Prostaglandins

A

any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects

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10
Q

Interferons

A

a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication

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11
Q

Antimicrobial defenses- complement system

A

has multiple enzymes present in blood
rapidly respond to and attack some pathogens; attracts other host defense mechanisms to site of infections. Often triggered by antigens and antigen-antibody complexes

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12
Q

Complement System Functions

A

damage bacterial membranes
attract neutrophils
vasodilation at site of infection
facilitate leakage of protective plasma proteins from vessels into infection site

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13
Q

Antigen

A

microbial surface chemicals

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14
Q

antigen-antibody complexes

A

combine with antibodies on surface of pathogen-> become more susceptible to phagocytosis (opsonization)

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70% WBC
granulocytic segmented cells
primary granules are called azurophilic granules
1st to respond to an immune response
responds heavily to bacterial infections
Phagocytosis
Degranulation of extracellular or intracellular granules
Release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
VERY IMPORTANT in recruiting other leukocytes

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16
Q

azurophilic granules

A

Lysosomes that supply enzymes to digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and cell debris

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17
Q

Heterophils

A

Rabbits, birds, amphibians, and reptiles have instead of Neutrophils
Most lysosome enzymes are the same as neutrophils (chickens don’t have peroxidase)

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18
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

monocytes in blood
macrophages in tissues
boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system
3-8% of WBC
largest leukocyte
Phagocytosis process: use their acidic pH to kill phagocytized microbes
- use bacteriostatic proteins, and degradative enzymes

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19
Q

Bacteriostatic Proteins

A

proteins that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis pathways

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20
Q

Basophils

A

found in interstitial spaces outside capillaries
very rare to find on blood smear
granulocytic segmented leukocytes
uses histamine and enzymes to cause increased vascular permeability
have receptors for IgE antibodies –> cell ruptures when antigen touches receptors–> releases granules into tissue
Granules contain histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and lysosomal enzymes
Helps prevent clotting–> releases heparin

21
Q

Mast Cells

A

type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves and in the lungs and intestines

22
Q

Bradykinin

A

elevate vascular permeability and to cause vasodilatation in some arteries and veins

23
Q

Eosinophils

A

about same size as neutrophils
very rare on blood smear
Granulocytic segmented leukocytes
-Consume foreign substances
-releases histaminase to reduce inflammatory responses to allergies, binds heparin
-opsonization of parasites

24
Q

Inflammation

A

response to tissue damage or invading pathogens
- used by immune cells to facilitate movement of cells and concentrates molecules rapidly at injured or infected site
- used to wall off pathogens to prevent further spread
- necessary for promoting processes of return to homeostasis, replacing dead cells with connective tissue, and regeneration
-useful in pulling leukocytes into areas of injury or infection

Initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRS)

25
Q

Inflammation Physical Features

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

26
Q

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A

proteins made by many leukocytes that will recognize molecules important for pathogen survival

27
Q

Adapted Immunity

A

mediated by lymphocytes
Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity
Antigens have large and complex chemicals that stimulate antibody production (epitopes)-> each antigen can have multiple epitopes
Highly specific but high heterogeneity
Ability to have immunological memory

28
Q

Globulins

A

Alpha, beta, and gamma

29
Q

Alpha-globulins

A

produced in liver
used for enzymes to speed up reactions and transporters
transporting hormones, lipids, cholesterol, and copper throughout the body

30
Q

Beta-globulins

A

produced in liver
used for enzymes to speed up reactions and transporters
transporting hormones, lipids, cholesterol, and iron throughout the body (includes things like plasminogen needed for clotting)

31
Q

Gamma-globulins

A

produced by lymphocytes and help mount the immune response
IgM, IgG, IgA

32
Q

IgM

A

1st response antibody- made when novel antigen exposure

33
Q

IgG

A

long-term antibody-produced when previously seen antigens are present
Equivalent to IgY in birds, reptiles, and amphibians

34
Q

IgA

A

protect mucosal tissues from microbial invasion and keep immune homeostasis

35
Q

IgE

A

antibody related to allergic reaction response
not found in birds

36
Q

IgD

A

plays a role in starting antibody production and preventing respiratory tract infections
not found in birds

37
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Starts out in bone marrow and then moves to lymphoid tissue
has large (immature) and small (mature) cells
Agranulocytic non-segmented cells
20-40% of circulating WBC
Develops into T and B cells

38
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

-Particularly effective in destroying parasite-infected and cancer cells
-Consists of several types of T-lymphocytes
- Some cytokines regulate activity of other T cells and B cells
-T cells inhibit response of helper T cells during and inhibit proliferation of cytotoxic T Cells
-Induce and influence inflammatory responses- regulating production, migration, and functional activation of granulocytes and monocytes
-Receptor molecules needed for antigen recognition
-MHC molecule on antigen-processing cell- binds processed antigenic peptide
- T cell receptor of MHC- on surface of dendritic of other antigen-presenting cells

39
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Receptors bind to specific receptors that activate cell to release toxic substances into foreign cell
Big culprit of transplant rejection syndrome
Spurred on by antigens causing activation

40
Q

Helper T cell

A

most numerous
Assists in activation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Makes response more intense

41
Q

Memory T cells

A

long-lives that are capable of responding to the same antigen a long time later

42
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Antibodies can inactivate antigens 4 ways: agglutination and precipitation, neutralization, and lysis

43
Q

Agglutination and Precipitation

A

antigens are clumped together by bivalent antibodies
precipitation: soluble antigens and antibodies combining to be insoluble complex
Agglutination: combo of specific antigens and antibodies that form a clump
way for antibodies to inactivate antigens

44
Q

Neutralization

A

uses antibodies to block entry of a pathogen into a cell so unable to infect healthy cells and ites unable to replicated and cause severe infection
way for antibodies to inactivate antigens

45
Q

Lysis

A

antibodies activate complement system
- a system that has many enzyme precursors used to destroy foreign material
- do opsonization and chemotaxis
-way for antibodies to inactivate antigens

46
Q

Plasma B cells

A

effector
produce large quantities of antibodies that will attach to antigens to signal other cells to destroy it
will only do once activated

47
Q

Memory B cells

A

act very similar to memory T cells
long-lives and quiescent cells that are poised to quickly respond to antigen upon recall
will turn into effector cells if encounter same antigen at a later date

48
Q

T lymphocytes

A

uses antibody-antigen complement to find cells/pathogens for destruction

49
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

make antibodies

WFSC 499 (36 decks)

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