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WFSC 499 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of Immune System

A

Innate (Rapid) and Adaptive (slow)

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2
Q

Innate System (definition)

A

a protective system
always in place
do not depend on previous exposure to infectious agents, toxins, or other foreign chemicals
-skin, Cytokines, neutrophils, monocytes

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3
Q

Adaptive system

A

secondary protective system
made up of lymphocytes
require mediators to function (humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity)

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4
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Innate, skin (hair, feathers, and scales, if passed organic acids reduce success), and mucous membranes (cilia of respiratory and urogenital tracts, severely low stomach pH, enzymes)

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5
Q

Antimicrobial Defenses-Cytokines

A

Innate, Cytokine, interleukins, histamine, prostaglandins, interferons

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6
Q

Cytokine

A

extensive group of small proteins
produced by leukocytes
act as cellular growth and differentiation factors
influence immune responses of hosts (requires receptors), produces by basophils, platelets, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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7
Q

Interleukins

A

regulate interactions between lymphocytes and other leukocytes

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8
Q

Histamine

A

a compound released by cells in response to injury on allergic and inflammatory reactions, causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

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9
Q

Prostaglandins

A

any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects

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10
Q

Interferons

A

a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication

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11
Q

Antimicrobial defenses- complement system

A

has multiple enzymes present in blood
rapidly respond to and attack some pathogens; attracts other host defense mechanisms to site of infections. Often triggered by antigens and antigen-antibody complexes

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12
Q

Complement System Functions

A

damage bacterial membranes
attract neutrophils
vasodilation at site of infection
facilitate leakage of protective plasma proteins from vessels into infection site

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13
Q

Antigen

A

microbial surface chemicals

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14
Q

antigen-antibody complexes

A

combine with antibodies on surface of pathogen-> become more susceptible to phagocytosis (opsonization)

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70% WBC
granulocytic segmented cells
primary granules are called azurophilic granules
1st to respond to an immune response
responds heavily to bacterial infections
Phagocytosis
Degranulation of extracellular or intracellular granules
Release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
VERY IMPORTANT in recruiting other leukocytes

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16
Q

azurophilic granules

A

Lysosomes that supply enzymes to digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and cell debris

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17
Q

Heterophils

A

Rabbits, birds, amphibians, and reptiles have instead of Neutrophils
Most lysosome enzymes are the same as neutrophils (chickens don’t have peroxidase)

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18
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

monocytes in blood
macrophages in tissues
boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system
3-8% of WBC
largest leukocyte
Phagocytosis process: use their acidic pH to kill phagocytized microbes
- use bacteriostatic proteins, and degradative enzymes

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19
Q

Bacteriostatic Proteins

A

proteins that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis pathways

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20
Q

Basophils

A

found in interstitial spaces outside capillaries
very rare to find on blood smear
granulocytic segmented leukocytes
uses histamine and enzymes to cause increased vascular permeability
have receptors for IgE antibodies –> cell ruptures when antigen touches receptors–> releases granules into tissue
Granules contain histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and lysosomal enzymes
Helps prevent clotting–> releases heparin

21
Q

Mast Cells

A

type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves and in the lungs and intestines

22
Q

Bradykinin

A

elevate vascular permeability and to cause vasodilatation in some arteries and veins

23
Q

Eosinophils

A

about same size as neutrophils
very rare on blood smear
Granulocytic segmented leukocytes
-Consume foreign substances
-releases histaminase to reduce inflammatory responses to allergies, binds heparin
-opsonization of parasites

24
Q

Inflammation

A

response to tissue damage or invading pathogens
- used by immune cells to facilitate movement of cells and concentrates molecules rapidly at injured or infected site
- used to wall off pathogens to prevent further spread
- necessary for promoting processes of return to homeostasis, replacing dead cells with connective tissue, and regeneration
-useful in pulling leukocytes into areas of injury or infection

Initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRS)

25
Inflammation Physical Features
redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
26
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
proteins made by many leukocytes that will recognize molecules important for pathogen survival
27
Adapted Immunity
mediated by lymphocytes Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity Antigens have large and complex chemicals that stimulate antibody production (epitopes)-> each antigen can have multiple epitopes Highly specific but high heterogeneity Ability to have immunological memory
28
Globulins
Alpha, beta, and gamma
29
Alpha-globulins
produced in liver used for enzymes to speed up reactions and transporters transporting hormones, lipids, cholesterol, and copper throughout the body
30
Beta-globulins
produced in liver used for enzymes to speed up reactions and transporters transporting hormones, lipids, cholesterol, and iron throughout the body (includes things like plasminogen needed for clotting)
31
Gamma-globulins
produced by lymphocytes and help mount the immune response IgM, IgG, IgA
32
IgM
1st response antibody- made when novel antigen exposure
33
IgG
long-term antibody-produced when previously seen antigens are present Equivalent to IgY in birds, reptiles, and amphibians
34
IgA
protect mucosal tissues from microbial invasion and keep immune homeostasis
35
IgE
antibody related to allergic reaction response not found in birds
36
IgD
plays a role in starting antibody production and preventing respiratory tract infections not found in birds
37
Lymphocytes
Starts out in bone marrow and then moves to lymphoid tissue has large (immature) and small (mature) cells Agranulocytic non-segmented cells 20-40% of circulating WBC Develops into T and B cells
38
Cell-Mediated Immunity
-Particularly effective in destroying parasite-infected and cancer cells -Consists of several types of T-lymphocytes - Some cytokines regulate activity of other T cells and B cells -T cells inhibit response of helper T cells during and inhibit proliferation of cytotoxic T Cells -Induce and influence inflammatory responses- regulating production, migration, and functional activation of granulocytes and monocytes -Receptor molecules needed for antigen recognition -MHC molecule on antigen-processing cell- binds processed antigenic peptide - T cell receptor of MHC- on surface of dendritic of other antigen-presenting cells
39
Cytotoxic T cells
Receptors bind to specific receptors that activate cell to release toxic substances into foreign cell Big culprit of transplant rejection syndrome Spurred on by antigens causing activation
40
Helper T cell
most numerous Assists in activation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells Makes response more intense
41
Memory T cells
long-lives that are capable of responding to the same antigen a long time later
42
Humoral Immunity
Antibodies can inactivate antigens 4 ways: agglutination and precipitation, neutralization, and lysis
43
Agglutination and Precipitation
antigens are clumped together by bivalent antibodies precipitation: soluble antigens and antibodies combining to be insoluble complex Agglutination: combo of specific antigens and antibodies that form a clump way for antibodies to inactivate antigens
44
Neutralization
uses antibodies to block entry of a pathogen into a cell so unable to infect healthy cells and ites unable to replicated and cause severe infection way for antibodies to inactivate antigens
45
Lysis
antibodies activate complement system - a system that has many enzyme precursors used to destroy foreign material - do opsonization and chemotaxis -way for antibodies to inactivate antigens
46
Plasma B cells
effector produce large quantities of antibodies that will attach to antigens to signal other cells to destroy it will only do once activated
47
Memory B cells
act very similar to memory T cells long-lives and quiescent cells that are poised to quickly respond to antigen upon recall will turn into effector cells if encounter same antigen at a later date
48
T lymphocytes
uses antibody-antigen complement to find cells/pathogens for destruction
49
B-lymphocytes
make antibodies

WFSC 499 (36 decks)

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