Types of Conservation Flashcards
Conservation in situ
carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment
In situ - Legislation
`- stopping activities such as hunting, logging and clearing land for development + agriculture
Difficulties of implementing legislation
Difficult to
- persuade countries to pass laws - specific to each - enforce especially if government aren't in favour of it
In situ - Wildlife reserves
- designated ares set aside for conservation of species or habitats
- also land agreements on private land + farm sites
Principles for choosing a wildlife reserve (CAR)
- Comprehensiveness: amount of species represents in the area
- Adequacy: large enough for long term survival of all species and population
- Representativeness: is there a full range of diversity with each species
ALSO shouldn’t exclude all human activity + meet indigenous needs for traditional hunting, spiritual activities (not considered could lead to conflict)
Difficulties w/ wildlife reserves
- protected animals coming out of reserve to raid crops e.g, primates in maize crops
- people still hunting protected animals for food
- illegal harvesting of timber + other plant products
- tourists feeding protected animals or leaving litter
Advantages of in situ
- permanently protect biodiversity
- allows management to ensure ecological integrity
- opportunities for sustainable land use + research
- possible to intervene and restore area
Disadvantage of in situ
- Endangered habitats may be fragmented
- population may have lost much of genetic diversity
- conditions causing endangerment could be still present
- could attract poachers + ecotourists causing more damage
Conservation ex situ
conserving an endangered species by activities that tajke place outside its normal habitat
Ex situ - zoos
concentrate on captive breeding + conducting research that should benefit endangered species
=> modern reproductive technologies e.g artifical insemination or IVF
=> reproductive physiological is species-specific + further research needed
- some carry out research on domestic species very similar to target - allows endangered to be spared from experimental research
Advantage of ex situ
- protects from poaching
- health of individuals monitored
- population divide so disaster striking allows species to survive
- genetic diversity can be measured + selective breeding can increase this
- attractions to raise funds further conservation effects
Disadvantages of ex situ
- captive pop. limits genetic diversity
- animals exposed to many diseases
- nutrition is hard to manage
- correct environmental conditions for survival is diff. to achieve
- expensive to maintain conditions
- reintroduction into wild is hard
CITES - Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna + Flora
- Began in 1975
- Is international agreement s between majority governments in world (184 out of 194)
- Parties of the Convention meet to update + set targets
AIM: to ensure international trade in specimens of wild animals + plants doesn’t threaten survival of species
Rio Convection of Biological Diversity (CBD)
Began in 1992 Earth Summit in Rio - 1st international law that conservation of biodiversity was seen as a common concern for humankind
AIMS for : sustainable use of its components
fair + equitable sharing of its benefits arising from commercial and utilization of genetic resources
The Countryside Stewardship Scheme (England)
Began in 1991
- Payments made to farmers as incentive to conserve natural land - works w/ RSPCB to help improve biodiversity of birds
AIMS: Beauty, Restoration of habitat, Public access
=> replaced w/ Environmental Stewardship Scheme in 2005 on habitat restoration
