Types of Connective Tissue

Question 1

Types of Connective Tissue

Answer 1

Fibroconnective
Cartilage
Bone

Question 2

Fibroconnective tissue

Answer 2

matrix composed mostly fibers

Question 3

Aerolar

Answer 3

loose connective tissue packing material holds organs in place
most common CT in all vertebrates
separates muscles: allows for sliding
fibers in extracellular matrix are collagen/elastin
extracellular matrix is not well organized

Question 4

Reticular

Answer 4

forms an internal skeleton for lymph, bone marrow, fat & spleen
fibers are collagen/elastin

Question 5

Adipose

Answer 5

highly vascular insulator, shock absorber and energy store

cells account for 90% of tissue mass

Question 6

Dense Regular

Answer 6

Closely packed parallel collagen fibers
found where tension is exerted in a particular direction
Ex: tendons, ligaments

Question 7

Dense Irregular

Answer 7

Closely packed non-directionalized collagen
forms “sheets” where tension is exerted in many directions
Ex: dermis of skin, muscle fascia, organ & nerve coverings

Question 8

Elastic

Answer 8

composed of mostly elastin fibers

Ex: vocal cords, vertebral CT

Question 9

Cartilage

Answer 9

Avascular and not innervated
composition of cartilage matrix: collagen/elastin
ground substance: chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid
Perichondrium

Question 10

Perichondrium

Answer 10

surrounding tissue from which nutrients diffuse
limits cartilage thickness
gives rise to chondrocytes

Question 11

Types of Cartilage

Answer 11

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Question 12

Hyaline

Answer 12

tough & flexible - shock absorber
covers ends of long bones
forms the skeleton of trachea and bronchi

Question 13

Fibrocartilage

Answer 13

Less firm than hyaline
similar in structure to dense regular tissue
transitional tissue between tendon and articular hyaline cartilage
component of joint capsules and spongy knee menisci

Question 14

Elastic

Answer 14

contains more elastin fibers than other types of cartilage

forms ear pinna & epiglottis

Question 15

Bone

Answer 15

Matrix mostly calcium and phosphate
65% of bone weight is calcium hydroxyapatite
contains tropocollagen subunits giving bone elasticity and fracture resistance
highly vascularized and well innervated
contains lymph channels

Question 16

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Answer 16

calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, callium carbonate

Question 17

Bone functions in mineral storage and cell production

Answer 17

regulation of calcium metabolism - bone remodeling
dec. blood Ca -> inc PTH -> inc osteoclast act.
inc blood Ca-> inc calcitonin -> osteoblast act.

Question 18

Red bone Marrow

Answer 18

contains hematopoietic tissue

produces blood cells

Question 19

Influences on Bone Growth

Answer 19

levels of calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, HGH, estrogen, testosterone

Question 20

Bone histology & growth plates

Answer 20

SLIDE 30 & 32

Question 21

Ischemia

Answer 21

widening (breaking) of a distal radial epiphyseal plate
necrotic changes take place and growth may be asymmetrical.
possible premature closing of physis

Question 22

Pagets Disease

Answer 22

Enlarged, deformed bones

high bone resorption & deposition which leads to thick, soft bones & bone pain. Inc. Fractures/arthritis

Question 23

Symptoms of Pagets

Answer 23

bending/bowing of weight bearing bones
affects 1% of adults (usually over 40)
pain, pinched nerves, numbness
effected bones: spine, femur, skull, clavicle, humerus
treated with bisphosphonate drugs

Question 24

Osteoporosis

Answer 24

dec. bone density which leads to fracture predisposition

Question 25

Osteopenia

Answer 25

bone loss but not as severe as osteoporosis
high bone resorption in presence of normal bone metabolism
dec. cortical(more) & trabecular bone density

Question 26

Osteoporosis causes

Answer 26

prolonged treatment with corticosteroids
anorexia nervosa
inadequate diet, especially during pregnancy
Amenorrhea - inc. estrogen metabolism disturbances - bone loss

Question 27

Osteoporosis treatment

Answer 27

estrogen replacement for postmenopausal women
EVISTA
Calcium supplementation 
vitamin D supplementation 
Biphosphonate Drugs
weight bearing exercise

Question 28

Osteomyelitis

Answer 28

Bone Inflammation & destruction
caused by bacteria and fungi spreading
symptoms: fever, localized warmth/swelling, pain
treated with antibiotics

Question 29

Osteoarthritis

Answer 29

Degenerative changes in cartilage and bone
loss in articular cartilage in hands, hips, knees
destruction of hyaline cartilage – joint stiffness
may result in formation of osteophytes (bone spurs) or nodes

Question 30

Osteoarthritis cases

Answer 30

heredity, infection, endocrine disorders, overuse, fracture or ligament injury

Question 31

Osteoarthritis treatments

Answer 31

Exercise - helps maintain health and reduces pain
weight loss
NSAIDS & COX2 inhibitors for pain
injections of HYALURONIN or others for lubricants
corticosteroids injections for inflammation
joint replacement

Question 32

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Answer 32

autoimmune inflammatory disease
may be related to genetic factors, environmental triggering an autoimmune response, infectious agents
mostly women 25-55
60% of RA patients can’t work after 10 years
life span reduced 5-10 years

Question 33

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

rheumatoid factor + globulins = immune complexes
immune complexes activate the compliment system causing inflammation
fibrin deposits and necrosis are present in joint

Question 34

RA may also affect

Answer 34

Heart - endocarditis, pericarditis, CHF, valvular fibrosis, MI
Lungs - fibrosis
Kidneys - amyloidosis (deposition of insoluble proteins in kidney tissue)
GI tract - anemia resulting from constant NSAID use causing bleeding