Blood & Body Fluids

Question 1

Intracellular

Answer 1

62.5% of total body fluid, contained within cells

ICF

Question 2

Extracellular

Answer 2

32.5% of total body fluid, contained outside cells

ECF

Question 3

Average human blood volume is __ Liters

Breakdown

Answer 3

5

3 L plasma & 2L RBCs, WBCs, etc.

Question 4

Hematocrit

Answer 4

“crit”: packed RBC volume, about 45% of total volume for men and 40% for women

Question 5

Anemia

Answer 5

crit<40% for men(14) or 30% for women(12)

can lead to fatigue & weakness

Question 6

Anemia and be caused by:

Answer 6

Colon cancer, IBS, bleeding ulcer, Chron’s disease
chemotherapy & radiation for cancer
kidney disease

Question 7

Blood components

Answer 7

formed elements: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Plasma =serum + clotting proteins (fibrinogen)
elevated fibrinogen levels = increased risk of stroke and atherosclerotic disease

Question 8

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Answer 8

formed in bone marrow

production and homeostasis regulated by tissue oxygenation

Question 9

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Answer 9

primary effector against infection & tissue damage

WBCs engulf foreign substances and lysozomal enzymes digest them

Question 10

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear cells)

Answer 10

granulated WBCs
neutrophils - 62%, 1st to travel and arrive at injury
Eosinophils - 2% - destroy parasites (allergies)
Basophils - 1% - release histamine & heparin

Question 11

Agranulocytes

Answer 11

phagocytotic non-granulated WBCs
monocytes: 5.3% - become lysosome filled macrophages
Lymphocytes: T & B cells - 15-40% - function in acquired immunity

Question 12

Macrophages

Answer 12

monocytes that have left the circulation
play important role in removing dust and necrotic tissue in lungs
release cytokines and compliment proteins

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

antigen(pathogen) - b cell activation - antibody production
helper T cells cause cytokine production, cytokines mediate immune function
cytotoxic T cells have cytotoxic granules - cause death of pathogen infected cells

Question 14

Platelets

Answer 14

Thrombocytes

sticky cells that function in all aspects of hemostasis

Question 15

Plasma

Answer 15

water (90% of plasmic volume)
metabolic by products: lactic acid, urea, creatinine
nutrients: glucose, FFA’s, lipids, cholesterol, vitamins
Electrolytes: sodium, potassium, magnesium
Gasses: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Question 16

Plasma Proteins

Answer 16

Albumin (60%), globulins (36%), Fibrinogen (3%),

Enzymes, antibacterial proteins, protein hormones

Question 17

Albumin

Answer 17

manufactured by liver
maintains oncotic pressure
transports FFA’s, bilirubin, thyroid, & other hormones
Functions as a free radical scavenger

Question 18

Globulins

Answer 18

Alpha (from liver): transports bilirubin & steroids
Beta (from liver), transports Cu & Fe, form lipoproteins
Gamma (immunoglobulin) contains antibodies
produced by immune system for short term

Question 19

Fibrinogen & Enzymes

Answer 19

Fibrinogen: functions in hemostasis (clotting)
Enzymes: catalyzes physiological reactions