Types of bacteria

Question 1

examples of acid fast bacteria

Answer 1

mycobacterium genus + tuberculosis

Question 2

cell wall of acid fast bacteria

Answer 2

• contain high amount of glycolipids

- especially mycolic acids

Question 3

reservoir of actinomyces

Answer 3

natural bacteria of the oral cavity and intestines, skin and pulmonary infection

Question 4

characteristics of rickettsiae

Answer 4

• small and pleomorphic bacteria 0.3x1-2um
• similar to gram - bacteria
• stain poorly with gram- staining
• no flagella

Question 5

growth of rickettsiae

Answer 5

• only inside of eukaryotic cells

- obligate intracellular parasites

Question 6

cell wall of rickettsiae

Answer 6

• typical gram- cell wall
• peptidoglycan layer + LPS
• peptidoglycan is minimal
• LPS has only weak endotoxin activity

Question 7

staining method of rickettsiae

Answer 7

• giemsa or gimenez stains

Question 8

energy of rickettsiae

Answer 8

• produce ATP by tricarboxylic acid cycle
• energy parasites -> depend on ATP produced by host cell
• rickettsia prowazekii has parasitic enzyme (ATP/ADP translocase) facilitates transfer of ATP from host cell to bacteria

Question 9

chlamydiae are

Answer 9

• pleomorphic bacteria

Question 10

forms of chlamydiae

Answer 10

metabolically inactive

and active

Question 11

metabolically inactive form

Answer 11

• infectious form
• elementary body
• 0,3-0,4um

Question 12

metabolically active form

Answer 12

• non-infectious forms
• 0,8-1um
• reticular body

Question 13

cell wall of chlamydiae

Answer 13

• double layer outer membrane
• LPS and major outer membrane protein MOMP
• week LPS endotoxin activity
• cysteine rich proteins provide stability in elementary bodies

Question 14

energy parasites

Answer 14

• use host cell ATP for their energy requirements
• some depend on specific amino acids
• obligate intracellular parasites

Question 15

life cycle of chlamydiae

Answer 15

• initiated by attachment of EBs to microvilli of susceptible cells → active penetration into host cell
• bacteria remain within endosomes → replicative cycle
• 6-8 hours after entering cell → larger active RBs
• RBs replicate by binary fission → inclusion visible under the microscope
• 18-24 hours → RBs begin reorga into smaller EBs
• 48-72 hours → ruptures and releases infectious bacteria
  
  • need ATP from the host

Question 16

mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 16

• pleomorphic

- smallest free living bacteria

Question 17

size of mycoplasma p.

Answer 17

• 0,2-0,3 um coccoid forms
• 0.1-0,2 width in rods
• 1-2 um long in rods

Question 18

mycoplasma cell membrane

Answer 18

• no cell wall
• have sterols in cell membrane
• resistent to penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin and other antibiotics with synthesis of cell wall

Question 19

reproduction and growth of mycoplasma

Answer 19

• divide by binary fission

- grow on artificial cell free medium

Question 20

pathogenic fungi classfication

Answer 20

into 2 phyla

• zygomycota
• dikaryomycota

Question 21

zygomycota

Answer 21

• produce zygotes during their sexual reproduction

Question 22

dikaryomycota

Answer 22

• dikaryotic life cycle includes extended dikaryotic phase after sexual conjugation
• divided into 2 subphyla
• ascomycotina
• basidiomycotina

Question 23

ascomycotina

Answer 23

• reproduction through fusion of 2 compatible nuclei to form diploid nucleus
• meiosis to yield haploid progeny
• process occurs with sac called ascus
• resultant spores → basidiospores

Question 24

basidiomycotina

Answer 24

• reproduction in sac

basidium and basidiospore

Question 25

deutermycotina (fungi imperfecti)

Answer 25

• sexual stage

- not been observed in candida, trichosporon and epidermophyton genera

Question 26

cell wall and membrane of pathogenic fungi

Answer 26

• polymere -> Hirtin
• meshlike structure to maintain shape
• cell membrane contains ergosterole but no cholesterol
• nucleus

Question 27

classification of pathogenic protozoa

Answer 27

• belong to kingdom of protista

- seven phyla

Question 28

metamonada (p.p.), parabasala
percolozoa
euglenozoa

Answer 28

• protozoa with flagella (pvz., Giardia)
• pvz. trichomonas,
• pvz. Naegleria
• pvz. leishmania and trypanosoma

Question 29

ameobozoa

Answer 29

• move like amebae (pvz- entamoeba)

Question 30

sporozoa

Answer 30

• non-motile protozoa (pvz. toxoplasma and plasmodium

Question 31

ciliophora

Answer 31

• move using cilia (pvz. balantidium coli)

Question 32

structure of protozoan

Answer 32

• exist in 2 forms
• vegetative form -> trophosoids produced in host
• some covered with rigid structure -> pellicle for shape