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Microbiology pt.1 > Basics of Mibi > Flashcards

Basics of Mibi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification of organisms

A
  • integral part of systematics

- divide organisms into taxa on basis of their common characteristics

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2
Q

Systematic

A
  • grouping organisms

classfication acc. to certain characteristics

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3
Q

five kingdom system

A
  • monera → bacteria
  • protista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia → humans

→ viruses (covered by protein) → non-living

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4
Q

three-domain-system

A
  • archaea → bacterial cells, no nucleus, different in genom editing
  • bacteria → procaryotic
  • eukarya → plants, animals, fungi
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5
Q

a taxon is…

A

a group of organisms (bacteria) -> certain characteristics of homogeneity

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6
Q

a domain can be

A

bacteria

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7
Q

a kingdom of the domain can be…

A

monera (prokaryotae)

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8
Q

a species is…

A
  • entirety of organisms (bacteria) with common origin and close genotype
  • degree of DNA homology is more than 60%
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9
Q

criteria of classification are

A
  • morphological characteristics
  • staining properties → gram positive & gram negative bact.
  • cultural pecularities
  • physiological characteristics
  • biochemical properties
  • antigenic structure
  • genotypic characteristics
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10
Q

definition of nomenclature is…

A

the name of the species in two words :

  • first = genus in latin
  • second = distinctive feature of microorganism of certain species
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11
Q

cell type of bacteria

A

prokaryotic

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12
Q

typical size of bacteria

A

0.5-4um

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13
Q

cell wall of bacteria

A
  • usually present

- contain peptidoglycan

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14
Q

lipids in membranes in bacteria and eukarya

A

fatty acids present linked by ester bonds

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15
Q

genetic material in bacteria

A
  • small circular chromosome and plasmids

- no histones

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16
Q

mitochondria in bacteria

A

non-present

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17
Q

locomotion in bacteria by

A

flagella
gliding
gas vesicles

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18
Q

typical organisms of bacteria

A

enteric bacteria or cyanobacteria

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19
Q

typical organisms of eukarya

A

algae, fungi, protozoa, plants and animals

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20
Q

extra aspects of prokaryotes

A

cell wall or capsule

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21
Q

extra aspects of eukaryots

A

either cell wall or membrane

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22
Q

reproduction of prokaryots

A

asexual by binary fission

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23
Q

ribosomes in prokaryotic cell

A

70S made of 50S and 30S subunits

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24
Q

cell wall in eukaryots

A

present in fungi

25
Q

flagella in eukaryots

A

present in protozoa

26
Q

ribosomes in eukaryotes

A

80S

27
Q

genome of prokaryots

A

haploid 1 chromosome

28
Q

spherical bacteria are called

A

cocci

29
Q

cocci size

A

from 1-1,5um

30
Q

monococci are

A

single ones

31
Q

sarcinae are

A

cocci arranged in equal numbers of bacteria

32
Q

diplococci are

A
  • not always spherical

- elongated and stay together

33
Q

size of diplococci

A

2-3um

34
Q

morphology of bacteria

A

spherical
rod shaped
spiral

35
Q

length of long rods

A

> 3um

36
Q

length of short rods

A

1.5-3um

37
Q

length of coccobacilii

A

less than 1um

38
Q

ends of rods can be

A
  • rounded
  • sharp in thin bacteria
  • rectangular cutted
  • thickened ends (spore end)
  • barrel shaped
39
Q

diameter of rods

A

thin (less than 0.5um)

thick (more than 0.5um up to 1.5um)

40
Q

arrangement of rods

A
  • single bacillus
  • diplobacilli
  • streptobacilli
  • coccobacillus
41
Q

spiral bacteria are called

A

vibrio -> curved rods
spirillum -> large with 1 or 2 curves
spirochete -> very long

42
Q

light microscope

A
  • compound microscope
  • uses more than one lens
  • single eyepiece → monocular
  • more than one → binocular
  • magnification around 30x
  • magnification to 1,000x
43
Q

dark-field microscope

A
  • useful for light-sensitive organisms → spirochetes

- condenser causes the light to reflect of the specimen at an angle

44
Q

phase-contrast microscope

A
  • observe alive and unstained specimens
  • accentuate small differences in the refractive index of various structures within the organism
  • different degrees of brightness
45
Q

fluorescence microscope

A
  • ultraviolet light → molecules release light of longer wave-lengths
  • shades of orange, yellow or yellow green
  • some organisms fluorescence naturally (pseudomonas)
  • fluochrome for myobacterium tuberculosis and treponema pallidum
46
Q

electron microscope

A
  • uses beam of electrons and electromagnets

- electrons go through vacuum

47
Q

transmission ECM

A
  • view of internal structures
  • very short wavelength of illumination
  • resolve objects as close as 1nm and microbes up to 500.000X
  • specimen must be embedded in a block of plastic and cut with a glass
48
Q

scanning ECM

A
  • images of surfaces of specimens
  • as close as 20nm and magnifications up to 50.000X
  • preparation with a thin layer of heavy metal
49
Q

stereoscopic microscope

A
  • 3D view of specimen
  • specimens visible for the naked eye
  • reflects light
50
Q

staining methods

A

simple and complex staining

51
Q

simple staining

A
  • only one dye is used
  • only when one m.o. is present
  • basic cell shapes and arrangements + size
  • positive or negative
52
Q

positive staining

A
  • methylene blue or crystal violet

- basic positive dyes -> negatively charged microbial cytoplasm

53
Q

negative staining

A
  • nigrosin
  • used for organisms which refuse staining
  • ink in background -> rest stays clear
54
Q

complex staining

A
  • multiple dyes are used in sequential combination to be able to differentiate between. m.o.’s
  • gram staining
  • fluorescent stain
55
Q

gram +

A
  • teicoic and lipoteichoic acid are present in cell wall

- purple with crystal violet

56
Q

gram -

A
  • no acids present in the cell wall

- red with safranin counterstain

57
Q

gram variable

A
  • some are positive and negative
58
Q

fluorescent stain

A

acridine orange

59
Q

preparation of the slide

A
  1. clean the slide with soap and then use a cotton pad to remove the excess
  2. mark the place where the testing is going to be
  3. clean with water
  4. heat up the loop in the flame
  5. take the solution with the hot loop and put in on the slide in the marked field
  6. let it dry
  7. fixate it with heat
  8. put staining on methylene blue or fuxin
  9. wait 1-5min
  10. remove excess stain
  11. sometimes use oil

Microbiology pt.1 (10 decks)

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