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Microbiology pt.1 > infection > Flashcards

infection Flashcards

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1
Q

define infection

A

interaction between host organism and microorganism

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2
Q

describe the infectious process

A

entirety of physiological and pathological process that occur after the entry of microorganism into body

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3
Q

what are infectious diseases

A

ultimate stage of infectious process occuring in clinical symptoms

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4
Q

list the five stages of infectious disease

A
  1. incubation stage
  2. prodromal stage
  3. invasive stage (acme)
  4. decline stage
  5. convalescence stage
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5
Q

what happens during the incubation stage

A

period from entry of microorganisms into body until the onset of the first clinical symptoms

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6
Q

what indicates prodromal stage

A

short period during which nonspecific symptoms appear such as malaise and headache

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7
Q

explain the invasive stage

A

period during which the individual experiences typical signs and symptoms of specific infectious disease (e.g. fever, nausea, rash, swollen lymph nodes)

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8
Q

what is known as acme?

A

signs and symptoms reach their greatest intensity in the invasive stage

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9
Q

what happens during the decline stage

A

period during which host defenses and effects of treatment finally overcome the pathogen
- symptoms begin to subside

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10
Q

describe the convalescence stage

A

period during which tissues are repaired, healing takes place, and the body regains strength and recovers

  • no symptoms
  • other outcomes of infectious disease can occur death or individual becomes a carrier of the infection
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11
Q

name the two types of infection according to their origin

A

exogenous or endogenous infections

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12
Q

exogenous infection are

A
  • infection acquired from external environment

- pathogenic microorganism invade the body externally

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13
Q

endogenous infections are

A
  • infection acquired from internal environment

- microorganisms of normal microflora of body change typical ecological niche

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14
Q

what are single infections

A

single is caused by one species of microorganisms

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15
Q

what are acute infections

A

symptoms develop quickly and run its course rapidly

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16
Q

how long are acute infections

A

about 2 weeks

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17
Q

describe subacute infection

A

symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic

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18
Q

how long are subacute infections

A

duration is about 4 weeks

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19
Q

describe chronic infections

A

symptoms develop slowly

infection is slow to disappear

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20
Q

how long could be chronic infections

A

4 weeks

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21
Q

what is a typical (classical) infection

A

all stages of infectious disease are clearly present

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22
Q

what are atypical infections

A

all stages of infectious disease are fused and therefor cannot be clearly separated

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23
Q

how does an atypical infection progress

A

very rapidly

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24
Q

what are hidden (latent) infections

A

fail to produce the full range of clinical signs and symptoms

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25
Q

name the reason behind latent infections

A
  • either because of too few m.o’s are present

- or because host defenses effectively combat the pathogens

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26
Q

what are local infections and where are they usually located?

A
  • infections confined to a small region of the body
  • like a boil or bladder infection
  • usually at portals of entry
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27
Q

what are regional (focal) infections

A

in a confined region

- pathogens spread and reach regional lymph nodes

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28
Q

what are systemic infections and how do they spread

A
  • throughout body

- spread by traveling through blood or lymph

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29
Q

why does a reinfection occur

A
  • because of the variability of m.o.s as a result of mutations
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30
Q

what is a relapse

A

recurrence of symptoms
of infection after period of improvement
- inability of immune system to eliminate completely the pathogen

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31
Q

what are secondary infections

A

infections which follow primary infections

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32
Q

what causes a superinfection

A
  • an agent resistant to the treatment for prim. infection
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33
Q

where does a superinfection result from

A
  • destruction of normal microflora

- often follows use of broad- spectrum antibiotics

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34
Q

explain anthroponosis

A

infection transmissible from human to human (e.g. gonorrhea)

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35
Q

explain zoonosis

A

infection transmissible from living animals to humans (e.g. tularemia)

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36
Q

what is sapronosis

A
  • human infection transmissible from abiotic environment

soil, water, decaying plants, or animal corpses, excreta, and other substrata

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37
Q

name examples of sapronosis

A

legionellosis caused by waterborne legionella pneumophila bacteria

38
Q

how do pathogenic m.o.s spread?

A

by using blood, lymph, tissues and nerve trunks

39
Q

what are bacteremia?

A

the presence but not multiplication of bacteria in the blood

40
Q

explain viremia

A

presence but not multiplication of viruses in blood

41
Q

what are toxemias

A

presence of toxins the blood

42
Q

what could cause sepsis

A

presence and multiplication of pathogenic m.o.s in blood triggering widespread inflammation

43
Q

what is septicopyemia

A

type of sepsis

- leads to widespread abscesses of a metastatic nature in different organs

44
Q

describe the term pathogenicity

A

capacity of certain microbial species to produce infectious process in the infected host

45
Q

which feature is relevant in pathogenicity

A

genotypic feature

46
Q

define virulence

A

intensity or degree of microbial pathogenicity

47
Q

what feature has virulence and how can it be measured

A

phenotypic feature

- by lethal doses

48
Q

how many laboratory animals are killed during doses letalis minima

A

dose of m.o.s kills at least one lab animal in the infected experimental group of animals

49
Q

define dosis certa letalis

A
  • dose of m.os that kills all lab animals in the group
50
Q

how many animals are killed by legalistic doses 50

A

50% of the lab animals

51
Q

how is virulence determined

A

by invasiveness and toxigenicity of m.o.s

52
Q

describe invasiveness

A

ability of pathogen to invade and grow in host tissues

- related to virulence factors the pathogen possesses and determines the severity of disease

53
Q

what is toxigenicity

A

ability of m.o.s to produce exotoxins which damage host tissues

54
Q

which bacterial cell wall components stimulate fever production after their death

A
  • lipopolysaccharides are endotoxins that are released after the death of bacteria and then produce toxic effects
55
Q

what function has the bacterial capsule

A
  • mediates adherence to artificial and natural surfaces (e.g. prostheses, host tissues) and protects from phagocytosis (antiphagocytotic activity)
56
Q

what component of the b.c.w. facilitates colonization of specific tissue surfaces and specific adherence to natural surfaces

A

bacterial pili

57
Q

what are bacterial exoenzymes used for

A

are proteins

  • have enzymatic activity
  • needed for bacteria to invade and colonize host
58
Q

who can produce bacterial exotoxins

A

gram + and gram - bacteria

59
Q

what include bacterial exotoxins and what is their function

A

include cytolytic enzymes and receptor binding proteins that alter a function or kill the cell

60
Q

how are toxins structured

A
  • are dimeric with A and B subunits (A-B toxins)
61
Q

where does the B portion bind to?

A

to a specific cell surface receptor

62
Q

where is the A portion localized and what is its function

A
  • transferred into the inferior of the cell

- acts to promote cell injurry

63
Q

which tissues are targeted by these toxins

A

only very defined and limited

64
Q

list the biochemical targets of A-B toxins

A

ribosomes, transport mechanisms and intracellular signaling

65
Q

which type, endo or exotoxins, are more powerful

A

exotoxins

66
Q

which organism mostly produces endotoxins

A

almost all gram- bacteria

67
Q

what is the chemical nature of exotoxins

A

mostly polypeptides

68
Q

which type of toxins is more stable?

A

endotoxins, can withstand several hours above 60 degrees

69
Q

Which toxins produce fever

A

endotoxins

- exotoxins produce little or non

70
Q

how is the antigenicity of exotoxins

A

strong

- stimulates antibody production and immunity

71
Q

what type can be converted into toxoids

A

exotoxins by treatment with heat or chemicals

72
Q

name examples of exotoxin diseases

A

botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus, diphtheria, staphylococcal food poisoning, cholera, enterotoxins, plague

73
Q

what is the source of infections

A

natural habitation of pathogenic m.o.s

- live, propagate and excreted into environment

74
Q

describe the term transmission route

A

pathway by which pathogenic m.o.s spread from the source to host

75
Q

direct or indirect contact implies

A

direct -> touching or contacting directy source of infection

indirect -> touching or contacting contaminated items

76
Q

examples of direct or indirect contact

A

skin and mucous membranes (fungal skin infections)

77
Q

aerogenic infections come via

A

infectious droplets or aerosols during coughing, sneezing and talking

78
Q

portals of entry of aerogenic infections are

A

respiratory tract e.g. influenza virus or tuberculosis

79
Q

alimentary infections come via

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water

80
Q

portals of entry of alimentary infection are

A

the mouth e.g. salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis

81
Q

desribe the fecal-oral way of transmission

A

via infected stool of one person into the mouth of another, due to contamination of food or water supply or hand-to-mouth transmission

82
Q

portals of entry of fecal.oral transmission are

A

the mouth e.g. rotavirus, hep A

83
Q

transmissions by the bite of infected species like mosquitos, ticks, sandflies and black flies are called

A

via vectors (arthropods)

84
Q

name the portal of entry of vector infection

A

blood e.g. tick-borne encephalitis

85
Q

describe transplacental (vertical) transmission

A
  • directly from mother to an embryo, fetus during pregnancy
86
Q

portal of entry in transplacental transmission is

A

the placenta e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis

87
Q

sporadic occuring infection in the society is

A

isolated occurrence of an infectious disease with no

apparent connections between localities or times of occurrence

88
Q

which infection have regular and continuing occurrence in populations with no time limit

A

endemic infections

89
Q

epidemic infections are

A

increased occurrence of infection within given localities and Time periods

90
Q

describe the term pandemic

A

increased occurrence of infectious disease within given time period without restriction to given localities

Microbiology pt.1 (10 decks)

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