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Microbiology pt.1 > Life of bacteria > Flashcards

Life of bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition types of m.o.

A

two ways how to they obtain carbon and capture energy

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2
Q

autotrophy

A

self-feeding

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3
Q

heterotrophy

A

other-feeding

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4
Q

autotrophs use

A

carbon dioxide as a carbon source → synthesize organic molecules

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5
Q

photoautotrophs

A

energy from light by photosynthesis

- cyanobacteria

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6
Q

chemoautotrophs

A
  • energy from oxidizing simple inorganic substances such as sulfides and nitrites
  • nitrifying bacteria
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7
Q

heterotrophs

A
  • get carbon from ready-made organic molecules

- obtain from other organisms (dead or living)

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8
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

chemical energy from breaking down ready-made organic compounds
(metatrophs + paratrophs)

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9
Q

metatrophs

A

obtain carbon from glycogen, starch and cellulose

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10
Q

paratrophs (parasites)

A

obtain carbon from soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen from AAs

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11
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

chemical energy from light to require organic substances as alcohols, fatty acids or carbohydrates as carbon sources

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12
Q

aerobes

A
  • require molecular oxygen for metabolism + growth
  • use oxygen for oxidation of nutrients and production of energy
  • final acceptor of electrons in ETC
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13
Q

anaerobes

A
  • dont require oxygen
  • oxygen = toxic
  • oxygen containing inorganic molecules (nitrates, nitrites) = final acceptors of electrons in ETC
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14
Q

facultative anaerobes

A
  • grow either in presence or absence of oxygen

- can generate ATP in aerobic and anaerobic conditions

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15
Q

microaerophiles

A
  • require oxygen in very low levels (2-10%)

- capnophiles → need elevated amount of carbon dioxide

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16
Q

bacterial enzymes are classified into

and subdivided into

A

→ endoenzymes intracellularly
→ exoenzymes secreted to environment
- subdivided into six groups acc. to catalyzed reactions

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17
Q

oxidoreductase

A
  • oxidation reduction reaction

- oxygen and hydrogen are added or released

18
Q

transferase

A
  • transfer specific functional groups (amine) from one molecule to another (alanine transaminase)
19
Q

hydrolase

A
  • participate in hydrolysis reactions (addition of water)
20
Q

lyase

A
  • transfer groups of atoms without hydrolysis reaction
21
Q

isomerase

A
  • reorganize atoms inside the molecule e.g. glucose phosphate isomerase
22
Q

ligase

A

join two large molecules by using ATP energy

23
Q

uptake of nutrients by the bacterial cell

A
  • passive diffusion

- active transport

24
Q

passive diffusion

A
  • concentration gradient of substances
  • transmembrane proteins (porins) form pores in membrane and cell wall
  • assist in transport function
  • pores + channels allow entry of ions and small hydrophilic molecules by passive diffusion
25
Q

active transport

A
  • against concentration gradient
  • permeases involved in a.t.
  • p. form phosphotransferase system → uses energy from high energy phosphoenolpyruvate molecules
  • PEP in cytoplasm → energy + phosphate group to a permease in membrane → transfers phosphate to sugar molecule and moves sugar across membrane
  • phosphorylated sugar is trasnported inside cell and prepared for metabolism
26
Q

metabolism

A
  • sum of all chemical processes which occur in the bacterial cell
  • consists of catabolism and anabolism
27
Q

catabolism

A

chemical reactions that release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler ones

28
Q

anabolism

A

chemical reactions which require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

29
Q

catabolic reactions

A
  • provide energy for bacteria that is required for bacterial life processes → movement, active transport of nutrients and synthesis of complex molecules
  • involve electron transfer → energy to be captured in high-energy bonds in ATP and similar molecules
  • ET = oxidation and reduction
30
Q

anabolic reactions

A
  • bacterial growth, reproduction and repair
31
Q

energy production in bacteria

A
  • in forms of ATP and NADH from glucose using 3 major pathways

→ glycolysis, TA cycle and PPP

32
Q

glycolysis

A
  • aerobic and anaerobic conditions

- yield 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvated molecules from 1 glucose molecule

33
Q

main processes of glycolysis

A
  1. substrate-level phosphorylation → transfer of P groups from ATP to glucose
  2. breakdown of six-carbon glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules
  3. transfer of 2 electrons to coenzyme NAD
  4. capture of energy in ATP molecules
34
Q

Krebs cycle

A
  • acetyl groups are oxidized to carbon dioxide
  • hydrogen atoms are removed → electrons transferred to coenzymes (elec. carriers)
  • hydrogens combined with oxygen to form water
  • ONLY under aerobic conditions
  • more energy than from glycolysis
  • aerobic metabolism can produce 38 ATP molecules from glucose
  • 19 times more than anaerobic metabolism
35
Q

main processes of krebs cycle

A
  1. oxidation of carbon
  2. transfer of electrons to coenzymes
  3. capture of energy in ATP molecules
36
Q

importance of TCA cycle

A
  • most efficeint mechanism for ATP
  • final common pathway for complete oxidation of amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates
  • key intermediates for ultimate synthesis of AAs, lipids, purines and pyrimidines
37
Q

PPP

A
  • along with glycolysis
  • glucose and 5 carbon carbohydrates are brokes down
  • provide nucleic acid precursors and reducing power in form of NADPH
  • PPP → 1 ATP molecule for each oxidized glucose molecule
38
Q

bacterial cell division

A

by binary fission

39
Q

bacterial growth

A
  • reproduce asexually → simple transverse binary fission
  • numbers increase logarithmically (n=2g)
  • rime for reprod. cycle = generation time → can vary
  • fast-growing bacteria have a generation time of 15-30min in vitro but more in vivo
  • obligate anaerobes grow much more slowly than aerobes → in vitro as well
  • tuberculosis bacs have an in vitro generation time of 12-24h
  • depends on nutrient content of medium
40
Q

phases of bacterial growth

A

A. lag phase → adaptation of bacteria to medium → no division → increase in bacterial mass per unit of volume → no increase in cell count

B. directly into c-phase

C. division of bacteria fast → cell count increases logarithmically up to 10 hoch 9 /ml

D. division slows down

E. division slows down even more → nutrients already used → toxins → exhaustion of nutrients and increasing concentration of toxic metabolites

F. bacs die

Microbiology pt.1 (10 decks)

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