types and methods of practice - Flashcards
what is part practice?
learning a skill in each specific sub-routine at a time
what is whole practice?
the joining together of all sub-routines and practicing the skill in it’s entirety
what is whole/part-whole practice?
the process of learning a skill through:
1. attempting the skill in its entirety e.g a rugby tackle
2. splitting the skill into its sub-routines e.g. tower of power, cheek to cheek, ring of steal.
3. re-attempting the skill in its entirety, attempting to remember the skill’s sub-routines, and joining them together into one fluid action.
why is the whole part whole method effective?
very useful for beginners, it allows them to get a kinesthetic feel of each of the motions needed for the whole skill. it can allow beginner performers to easily understand the components needed in order to complete the skill.
what is progressive / part practice
the use of splitting a whole skill into its subroutines and working through each sub-routine until it is completed effectively. it is worked through chronologically and can be joined together at the end.
what is massed practice?
the process of repeatedly practicing a skill over long periods of time with little to no breaks, with the supervision of experienced and motivated performers.
what is distributed practice?
the process of creating intervals between skill practice in a training session for rest or mental rehearsal
what is an example of massed practice?
a football team spending an hour doing Rondo with no breaks in order to practice the skill of short quick passing around a defender.
what is an example of distributed practice?
a tennis player hitting 5 minutes of forehand shots with a 30 second rest after every 5 shots.
why are massed and distributed practices effective?
- massed is effective in order increase the consistency of a skill and potentially getting used to performing it when fatigued
- distributed practice is effective when a skill has already been learned, it follows Atkinson and Shiffrin’s memory model whereby rehearsal is needed in order to store a short term memory into long term memory and therefore, making the skill autonomous
what is fixed practice?
the process of repeating a whole skill in the same way so it becomes learned. the skill is nor broken down into smaller parts. e.g repeating the same setup for a kick for posts in rugby.
what is varied practice?
the process of repeating a skill in a variety of situations. this best suits the development of an open skill, for example, catching the ball when playing against opponents and pressurizing in different situations
