Types And Mechanisms Of Cell Injury Flashcards

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1
Q

What is injury

A

Set of biochemical and or morphological changes that occur when the state of homeostasis is disturbed by adverse influences

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2
Q

What are causes of cell injury

A
Hypoxia:def of O2
Physical agents
Chemical agents and drugs
Infectious biological agents
Immunologic reactions 
Genetic abnormalities 
Nutritional imbalances
Aging
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3
Q

What are causes of hypoxia

A

Ischemia due to red atrial blood flow
Cardiorespiratory failure
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity

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4
Q

What does cellular response to injury to depend on

A

Nature duration and severity

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5
Q

What do the consequences of injury depend on

A

Type state and adaptability of cell

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6
Q

Reversible injury

A

Condition which is capable of being reversed with restoration of previous state of cells following removal of adverse influences

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7
Q

Irreversible injury

A

Occurs where injurious stimulus is persistent or severe and cellular changes are not able to be undone or return back to normal status and ultimately undergo cell death

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8
Q

What does cell injury result from(disturbance)

A
Atp production 
Mitch integrity independent of Atp
Plasma membrane integrity 
Protein synthesis 
Integrity of genetic app
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9
Q

What are consequences of ATP depletion

A

Failure of membrane transport and NA pump
Increased anaerobic glycolysis
Reduced protein synthesis

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10
Q

What are the reversible consequences of ATP depletion

A

Failure of active plasma membrane transport leads to: ATP depletion, cellular swelling, mitch swelling, dilation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, reduction in protein synthesis, inc intracellular lipid accumulation

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11
Q

What are the irreversible consequences of ATP depletion

A
Increased rate of anaerobic glycolysis 
With depletion of:
Glycogen stores
Reduced intracellular PH
Dec activity of  many cellular enzymes
Chromatin clumping and disruption of cell organelles including lysosomes
Influx of Ca2+
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12
Q

How are mitochondria damaged

A

Inc of Ca2+
Reactive oxygen species
Ischemia
Mutations in mitch genes

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13
Q

What are causes membrane damage

A

Ischemia, bacterial toxins, viral proteins, lytic components, variety of physical and chemical agents

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14
Q

What are consequences of membrane damage

A

Mitch membrane damage
Plasma membrane damage
Injury to lysosomal membranes

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15
Q

What are causes of DNA damage

A

Exposure to radiation,chemotherapeutic drugs ,ROS and aging

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16
Q

What are consequences of DNA damage

A

Damage to nuclear DNA sensors that trigger p53 dependent pathways which arrest cells in the G1 phase of cell cycle and activates DNA repair which can impair its ability to induce apoptosis

17
Q

What ROS

A

group of mol with a highly reactive O2
Might be due to presence of an O2 mol or an unpaired electron in outer most shell or produced by leakage from damaged mitch

18
Q

What are the adverse effects of ROS

A

Damage to:
Lipid per-oxidation in plasma membranes and organellar membranes which result in extensive membrane damage
Protein oxidation and fragmentation of peptide bonds leading to damage of enzymes
Nucleic acids: oxidative DNA damage has been implicated in cell aging and malignancy

19
Q

How can cells be protected against ROS

A

antioxidants which inactivate them such as VITC (aqueous such as blood) or E AND A(nonpolar such as cell membrane)

20
Q

What are causes of influx of calcium

A

Ischemia and toxins

21
Q

What are consequences of influx of Ca2+

A
Accumulation of Ca2+ in mitch
Increased cytosolic Ca2+ enzymes
phospholipases which cause membrane damage and proteases which break down membrane proteins
Endonuclease 
ATPpases