Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards
Pre-Diabetes (Metabolic Syndrome)
Independently raises the risk of developing
type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)
—- losing 5 to 7% of body
weight by making healthy food choices and being physically active 30 min a day, 5 days a week reduced onset of type 2 diabetes by ____%
58%
Diabetes—Can lead to serious problems and complications, such as heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, lower limb
amputations, and premature death
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Common Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Auto-immune disease
• Develops when immune system destroys
_________ __________ cells = the only cells in the body that make insulin which regulates blood glucose
• Usually affects CHILDREN and young adults, although may occur at any age
• 5% to 10% of diagnosed cases of diabetes
pancreatic beta
Common Types of Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Occurs during PREGNANCY Women who have had gestational diabetes have an increased LIFELONG risk \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are also at higher risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to other children • 40% to 60% women with gestational diabetes will develop diabetes in the next 5 to 10 years
Offspring
Common Types of Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Usually begins as insulin resistance
• Given concentration of insulin produces a less-than expected biological response
—-Often described interchangeably with ___________ _____________
• As the need for insulin rises, the ___________ gradually loses its ability to produce insulin
• Insulin resistance and ABNORMAL ____ _______ function may occur long before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed
• 90% to 95% of diagnosed cases of diabetes
Metabolic Syndrome
pancreas
beta cell
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors
• Elevated _________ __________
measurement of ≥ 140/90 mm/Hg
• Abnormal _______ _________
HDL cholesterol
Blood pressure
lipid levels
vascular
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Diabetes Complications
• Diabetes is the leading cause of _________ __________
- accounts for 44% of new cases
• Leading cause of new cases of _______ ____________
- accounts for 12,000 to 24,000 cases every year
• Leading cause (> 60%) of non-traumatic lower limb ____________
• 2 to 3X greater risk of periodontal, or gum disease
• 60 to 70 % of adults with diabetes have mild to severe ________ system damage
Kidney failure
adult blindness
amputations
nervous
CVD is the leading cause of death for people
with diabetes
_______ _________ is key to preventing or delaying complications of diabetes
Any sustained lowering of blood glucose helps, even if the person has a history of poor control
Glucose control
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
–Represents the glycosylation (or glycation) of __________ in red blood cells
—Reflects average blood sugar for past 2 to 3 months
— Long-term measure of glucose control
Each 1% decrease in annual mean A1C level
reduced risk of:
• Microvascular complications by 37%
• Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) by 43%
• Myocardial infarction (MI) by 14%
• Stroke by 12%
• Heart failure by 16%
• Cataract extraction by 19%
hemoglobin
Principle goal of nutritional management
for ALL people with diabetes:
- Maintaining normal or near normal SERUM GLUCOSE levels (glycemia)
- Prevent and reverse LIPID abnormalities
(dyslipidemia) - Maintain/improve BLOOD PRESSURE (hypertension)
A is for A1C
B is for Blood Pressure
C if for Cholesterol
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+1—General Recommendations
No “___________” diabetes eating pattern
EDUCATE patient about nutrition and lifestyle
Build patients sense of self-efficacy for
self-care
Emphasize nutrient-dense foods in reasonable portions
Maintain the pleasure of eating!
Provide practical tips for daily _____ _____ and _________ instead of worrying too much about individual macronutrients and micronutrients
one-size-fits-all
meal prep
planning
2—General Recommendations
—–Increase FIBER intake
NOTE: >50 g/day of fiber reported to improve
_______ in persons with diabetes
—Adding PROTEIN to bedtime snacks is often recommended to prevent overnight ________
–Type of fatty acids consumed is more important than
total fat
“Consumption of _________ is associated with a statistically significant decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels, and an increase in HDL-C levels”
Magnesium deficiency common
glycemia
hypoglycemia
cinnamon
No specific “diabetes diet” exists
Recent studies suggest ________ restriction may NOT be beneficial:
“For people with diabetes and diabetic kidney disease (either micro- or macroalbuminuria), reducing the amount of dietary protein below the usual intake is NOT recommended because it does NOT alter glycemic measures, cardiovascular risk measures, or the course of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline
protein
Low Glycemic Index/Load Diet
—–“Choosing low-GI foods in place
of conventional or high-GI foods has a small but clinically useful effect on medium-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes”
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