Tutorials Flashcards
The US’s underlying strategy to drugs:
Cut supply chain, eradicate use however possible
He suggested that drugs should be treated as a public health problem that is intrusive to freedom.
Thomas Szasz
What is the libertarian self ownership argument for drugs?
People can do what they want, drugs should be in the free market
Consumption may increase depending on the price of the commodity, deals may turn to violent crime. Who said it?
Adams
The risk of imprisonment/fine is minimal compared to the relaxation and enjoyment it brings.
Revealed preference theory
This involves the production of rewards without causes inside the brain. It is a moral concern, and wouldn’t apply if the drug had no adverse effects.
Reward system in the brain
Husak argued that these are exaggerated, and don’t justify current regulations that violate individual rights.
Third party harm
Why are harms difficult to study?
Mixed substances, samples, flaky participants
De Marneffe argued that some drugs risk life for this group therefore prohibition is good.
Children
De Marneffe proposed the idea that individuals are bad at seeking long term interests because of this: therefore, punishment is needed.
Short term gratification
Why could gambling by children become a problem even with supervision?
There is a risk that they will develop problems later in life because big wins early create expectations
How does gambling harm the gambler?
Addiction
The police couldn’t enforce laws against gambling so they used this approach:
Unstimulated demand
What did the Gambling Act of 1968 permit?
Licenses to get rid of unscrupulous acts
How does gambling harm others?
Neglect of family, especially children, taxpayer burden
The state should be neutral between these:
Competing concepts of the good
This allows people to take into account the safety of what they purchase as one element in quality.
Free market in safety
Why is safety regulation good?
Consumer protection
Why is it illegal to buy some goods?
The risk of harm/death is too high
These third party effects involve dumping costs. Negative are most common.
Externalities
What is the conflict between two moral standpoints when it comes to safety?
Efficiency and spending on what saves the most lives
What is the consequentialist view on safety?
Do the most good with the resources available
The right thing is what we’ve always done or what we’re commanded by God to do.
The utilitarian view on safety
The measure is only required if it is good for humans.
Liberating doctrine
Basic rules in normal circumstances that override considerations of consequences.
Deontology/duty based/absolutism
Lost potential for economic growth, and human capital determines value.
The old standard VPF methodology
Looks at actual decisions.
Revealed preference
The experimenter focuses on questions specific to safety, all parameters can be fixed.
Express preference
Estimate how many lives will be saved and how much the change will cost.
Consequentialist decision procedure
The whole network had to be checked, travel was a nightmare, more people took cars, which are more dangerous.
Hatfield
The driver was the scapegoat, the external culprit.
Great Heck
According to this view, the more directly the accident is under the industry’s control, the greater the responsibility is on the industry to solve the problem.
Absolutist
What are the two theories about crime?
Happiness and resource
Crimes can be very different in nature. Our psychological reactions can be different. Who said it?
Bentham
Some crimes generate more fear than others. Who said it?
Nozick
The greatest effect. Fear can be worse than the damage, and the change of being harmed low, but fear creates misery.
Boundless injury
Because of this, people stayed home and suffocated.
Anxiety
Being victimized undermines a sense of self dignity, being treated with contempt, a change in status/self respect, and disruptive of social order.
Why people fear crime
Forward looking, keep em off the streets.
Deterrence
Dorling: sentencing policy won’t stop increasing this, especially murder.
Crime rate
The benefits of obedience outweigh breaking the law.
Internal attitude
Impulse, anger, pride, crimes of passion.
Chaotic attitude
Because of reputational damage they won’t commit the crime.
Impure internal
This makes people more likely to adopt internal attitudes. They grow out of crime.
Age
Punishment based on desert.
Retribution
This lowers the standing of the perpetrator and raises the standing of the victim.
Retribution
What are the 5 dimensions of health measured by the EQ-SD instrument?
- mobility
- self care
- usual activities
- pain and discomfort
- anxiety and depression
Wolff: those elements of a society which can be influenced by gobernment action are likely to have a significant impact on health.
Health care
This does not automatically produce equality in health.
Equal access to health care
On almost every indicator there is a social gradient of health corresponding to this:
Social class
Studies of the health and mortality of British professionals.
Whitehall Studies
The Whitehall studies that this influences stress levels:
Social status and control over working life
Thaler and Sunstein: make the healthy choice the easy choice.
Libertarian paternalism
The probability of falling ill.
Vulnerability
Ability to bounce back after an adverse health event.
Resilience
Shaw: the ability to take time off to let systems recover.
The Doctor’s Dilemma
Rawls: the subject of this theory is how to share out the benefits and burdens of social cooperation. Disabled persons are outside the scheme of social cooperation.
Distributive justice
Everything has the same level of welfare.
Equality of welfare
Money and wealth.
External resources
Skills and talents
Internal resources
Dworkin: disability is purely a physical/mental impairment.
Medical model
Dworkin: disability is socially constructed.
Social model
Dworking: being disabled makes life economically harder.
Economic model
Justice for people with disabilities requires disability does not add to the other injustices in the world.
Pragmatic equality
Medical cures/intervention, education and training.
Personal enhancement
Given money, they can choose how they want to spend it.
Cash compensation
Resources are given with restricted use.
Targeted resource enhancement
Improve opportunities, change laws and social attitudes.
Status enhancing
What matters to humans is what they can do and be.
Capability theory
