Tutorial Lab 2 Flashcards
———— ————— is the gross or entire structure of the plant.
Plant morphology
———— ———— is the arrangement of cells and tissues within the organism.
Plant anatomy
Division of labour in plants is….
The process of dividing work into specific task to increase efficiency.
————— are adapted to maximize the processes of light adsorption and photosynthesis.
Leaves
————, to a certain extent, help photosynthesis by elevating the leaves high up into the air to catch more sunlight.
Stems
———— anchor the plant and also absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Roots
Cones or ———— are adapted to maximize reproduction.
Flowers
All multicellular organisms are made of ———.
Cells
A ———— is a group of similar cells performing a common activity.
Tissue
———— is the study of cells and tissues.
Histology
An ———— is a group of tissues collectively performing a specific function.
Organ
An ———— ———— is a group of organs performing a major body function
Organ system
————— are domes of rapidly dividing cells
Meristems
There are typically two apical meristems, where are they found?
1.) on the tip of each above ground shoot (which produce cells of the stems and leaves)
2.) on the tip of each underground root which produce all the root tissues
These tissues form the the protective outer covering of the plant body.
Epidermal tissues
————— is the surface tissue of all leaves
Epidermis
Epidermal cells on the above ground parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water-resistant ————— onto their outer surfaces
Cuticle
This tissue includes cells that function as tubes or ducts through which water and numerous substances in solution move from one part of the plant body to another.
Vascular tissues
———— is a vascular tissue that functions in the transport of water and dissolved substances UPWARD in the plant body.
Xylem
———— contains conducting cells as well as supportive fibres. Function is to conduct water and carbohydrates UPWARD and DOWNWARD in the plant
Phloem
These tissues function in storage, support and photosynthesis.
Fundamental tissues
————— cells are the most common type of plant cell. Quite large and have thin walls.
Parenchyma
—————— cells are small and have tough thick cell walls. Used as structural support tissue in land plants. Mature ones CANNOT elongate and are found in regions that have STOPPED growing in length. At maturity they may be dead.
Sclrenchyma
———— cells are specialized for structural support and are located as cylinders of tissue beneath the epidermis. They support elongating (still growing) parts of the plant. Walls do not contain any lignin.
Collenchyma
The ————— are pore-like structures used for the exchange of gases for photosynthesis.
Stomata
———— are root like structures that grow at the base a plants gametophyte and anchor the plant to the ground. (Occurs with plants like mosses, hornworts, and bryophytes)
Rhizoids
The ———— of a plant is a layer of tissue in the roots and stems that located between the epidermis and the vascular tissue.
Cortex
What is the central cylinder in plants?
Made up of vascular tissue, the central portion of the plant root and stem.
True roots are what?
Allow for the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. (Allow access to water in deeper soil)
————— are underground plant stems that store nutrients and help plants survive harsh conditions. Grow on the soil surface.
Rhizomes
An ————— root is any root that arises from tissue on the plant other than the apical meristem. Ex. Monsteras have these
Adventitious
A large compound lead that’s often divided into smaller segments called leaflets. Ex. Ferns
Frond
A stalk-like structure that supports other parts of a plant.
Stipe
—————— are young, coiled fronds and are considered a culinary delicacy.
Fiddleheads
The ground tissue in the middle of a leaf that’s responsible for photosynthesis. Located between the two epidermal cell layers.
Mesophyll.
————— contain the photosynthetic pigments and other components of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Chloroplasts
These cells can close the stomata to help retain water, and open the stomata for CO2.
Guard cells
Regions of the stem from which leaves, buds and branches arise
Nodes
The regions of the stem located between the nodes
Internodes
Located at the tips of the stem and branches. They enclose the growing region which continues to give rise to new tissue and organs
Terminal buds
Located in the axis of the leaves, they may give rise to lateral branches.
Axillary or lateral buds
What are blade and petioles?
Specific parts of a leaf that connect to a plants stem.
What are primary roots?
The first root produced by the plant
What are secondary roots?
Arise as root branches from the pericycle, deep within the primary root tissue.
What are root tips?
The last few millimetres of the root. This is the site of production of
new root length and the area where water and minerals are absorbed
from the soil
The ———— ——— protects the delicate apical meristem as te root is pushed downward through the soil.
Root cap
Include a prominent main root directed vertically downward with numerous smaller lateral roots.
Taproots
Many have long slender roots of about equal size with many secondary and tertiary roots off the main roots
Fibrous roots
Arise from an organ in the plant other than the primary root or its branches. Ex monstera
Adventitious
Long tubular extensions of a plants root epidermal cells that help the plant absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
Root hairs
Organelles which function in the storage of starch.
Leucoplasts
The inner cell layer of the cortex is comprised of smaller cells called….
Endodermal cells
The outer extremity of the central portion of the root is called the ——————.
Pericycle
The central part of a plants root or stem that contains vascular tissue and other tissues.
Stele
The soft spongy tissue found in the centre of the stems of some vascular plants. Made up of parenchyma cells and also known as medulla.
Pith
Region of packed cells located beneath the epidermis. Primary photosynthetic area of the plant.
Palisade mesophyll
The ————— ————— is composed of a loosely knit network of chlorenchyma cells with numerous intercellular spaces between the cells.
Spongy mesophyll
A single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts.
Upper epidermis
A single layer of cells on the underside of a plant leaf that helps regulate gas exchange and water flow.
Lower epidermis
Specialized parenchyma cells found in plants. Contains chlorophyll and are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis.
Chlorenchyma cells
———— plants are plants that have adapted to survive in dry conditions.
Xeric
Plants that grow in water or in soil that is saturated with water
Hydrophytic plants
————— plants store water in fleshy leaves, stems or roots in compounds.
Succulent
