Practical Lab 1 Flashcards
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Organisms making up Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria are all?
prokaryotic
Where do representatives of the Domain Archaea live?
Earths extreme locations, like salty lakes and boiling hot springs
All eukaryotic are grouped with what domain?
Domain Eukarya
What is the part of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA, RNA, proteins and enzymes?
Nucleoid region
In addition to this single chromosome, a typical bacterial cell may also have smaller rings of separately replicating DNA called
plasmids
the cellular machinery in bacteria that synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
Most bacterial cell walls contain —————— which is a network of sugar polymers cross linked by short polypeptides.
peptidoglycan
Bacteria reproduce by the process of?
binary fission
binary fission is a form of what kind of reproduction?
asexual reproduction
Most bacteria live as ——————, which means they derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms.
heterotrophs
Many heterotrophic bacteria are important in the ecosystem as —————, because they feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked in dead tissues.
decomposers
Other heterotrophs in bacteria are parasites, often referred to as —————. They cause many diseases of plants and animals, including humans.
pathogens
other heterotrophic bacteria live as mutualistic —————. They form partnerships with other organisms in which both benefit.
symbionts
Microscopic examination of bacterial cells reveals most bacteria can be classified into three basic shapes…
bacilli (rods), cocci (spheres), and spirilla (spirals or corkscrews)
Using a technique called gram stain, scientists can classify bacteria into two groups based on differences in cell walls composition. ——————— have walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan. ———————— have less peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Gram positive bacteria
Gram negative bacteria
Gram positive bacteria appear what colour under the microscope? What about negative?
violet, pink/red
——————— are commonly known as blue-green algae.
cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are ————————, which means they derive their energy from photosynthesis or oxidation of inorganic molecules.
autotrophic
a number of cyanobacteria produce specialized, nitrogen-fixing cells called ——————
heterocysts
Gloeocapsa sp. which is a very common colonial blue-green algae, produces a thick ————.
gelatinous sheath
for our purposes in the lab, the protists will be divided into three groups…
the algae, the protozoa, and fungal like protists
some euglenozoans (unicellular flagellates) have a flexible layer of protein bands (located beneath the plasma membrane) called a —————— rather than a cell wall. it allows their body shape to change as they swim.
pellicle
many species of euglenozoans are ———————, which means that in sunlight they are autotrophic, but when sunlight is not available they can become heterotrophic and absorb organic nutrients from their environment.
mixotrophs
Diatoms are a unicellular algae that have a unique glass like wall perforated by a delicate lacework of holes and grooves. this wall is made of ——————.
silica
within the green algae, three basic morphological types will be discussed…
unicellular, colonial, and filamentous
Many colonial forms of algae have small cells which secrete —————, this is less dense than water and aids in buoyancy.
mucilage
an organism that lives on or inside another organism, called the host and harms it in the process
parasite
a parasitic organism has a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a ———————.
kinetoplast
The amoeboid protozoa possess flowing extensions of the body called —————, which are temporary projections of the cytoplasm that are used to engulf food and serve as locomotory structures.
pseudopodia
Ciliated protozoans have large numbers of ————— that are used in movement and/or feeding
cilia
like many protozoans, they reproduce asexually by binary or ————— ————, which is the division of an organism into two.
transverse fission
plasmodial slime molds stream along the damp forest floor in a mass of brightly coloured cytoplasm called a —————
plasmodium
The plasmodium contains many diploid nuclei, but is not divided by cell walls. It is therefore referred to as —————-, multinucleate (it is NOT multicellular)
coenocytic
The water molds are principally aquatic, inhabiting fresh waters. They are
decomposers that grow as a cottony mass on dead algae and animals. Some are weak
parasites. They have profusely branched coenocytic —————— which form colonies around decaying organic material in water.
hypae (slender filaments of cytoplasm and nuclei)
what is gametangia?
gamete producing structures
What is oogonia?
female germ cells in the ovaries that develop into eggs
What are antheridia?
male reproductive organs in non-flowering plants, such as ferns and mosses. They produce and store sperm cells until they are needed for reproduction.
In mating, antheridia grow toward the oogonia and develop tubular processes called ——————, which penetrate the oogonia
fertilization tubes
The oogonia are enlarged cells, in which a number of spherical eggs
(———————) are produced
oospheres
Following each nuclear fusion, a thick-walled zygote, called the ——————, is produced.
oospores
The ——————————cover the surface of the leaves and stems of the infected plants, giving them a downy appearance, from which this group gets its common name.
sporangiophores
The mycelia feed on living cells by the use of ——————— (literally “one who drinks”). They penetrate the living host’s cells, absorb nutrients, and pass them to the growing hyphae
haustoria
about four-fifths of all land plants form associations between their roots and
fungi called ————————. This increases the absorptive surfaces of the plant
roots and aid in mineral exchange between the soil and the plant. These associations play
a critical role in plant nutrition and distribution
mycorrhizae
A mass of hyphae make up an individual organism, and is collectively called a —————.
mycelium
Fungi feed on many types of substrates. Most fungi obtain food from dead
organic matter and are called ———————.
saprophytes
Hyphae of some species of fungi have cross walls called ————— that separate
cytoplasm and nuclei into cells.
septa
The cell walls of fungi are made of —————, the same polysaccharide that comprises the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
chitin
Fungi commonly reproduce asexually by mitotic production of haploid vegetative
cells called ————— in sporangia, and —————— on conidiophores. Spores are microscopic
and surrounded by a covering well suited for the rigors of distribution into the
environment.
spores, conidia
—————— is mitosis with an uneven distribution of cytoplasm and is common in yeasts.
After, the cell with the lesser amount of cytoplasm eventually detaches and
matures into a new organism.
budding
——————— is the breaking of an organism into one or umore pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual.
fragmentation
During fertilization the initial union of the cytoplasm of two
parent mycelia (gametes) is known as ———————.
plasmogamy
The union of two haploid nuclei contributed by two gametes is known as ——————.
karyogamy
a cell with two seperate haploid nuclei
dikaryotic
What are the 3 phyla of fungi?
zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota
The term “Zygomycota” refers to the chief
characteristic of the division; the production of sexual resting spores called
———————.
zygospores
In fungi, ————— are horizontal hyphae that spread the species and allow the fungus to reproduce asexually
stolons
The stolons form ————— wherever their tips come in contact with
the substrate
rhizoids
Basidiomycota produce no asexual spores at all. The only spores they
produce are the sexual ——————— produced by meiosis.
basidiospores
