Practical Lab 2 Flashcards
Terrestrial plants have descended from a group of green algae called the ——————.
Charophytes
The life cycle of plants, which alternates between two phases: the gametophyte and the sporophyte
Alternation of generations
A ———— ———- ————- is a haploid phase in the life cycle of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations. It is a sexual phase of the life cycle, where there gametophyte produces haploid gametes such as eggs and sperm.
Multicellular haploid gametophyte
A plant or algae stage in its life cycle that produces spores and is diploid.
Multicellular diploid sporophytes
Egg producing gametangia are known as ————.
Archegonia
Sperm producing gametangia are known as —————.
Antheridia
———— refers to the ability to produce the greatest number of offspring that live to reproduce themselves.
Fitness
In the ————, the dominant generation in the life cycle is the haploid gametophyte.
Mosses
In the ————, the dominant generation becomes the diploid sporophyte.
Ferns
In the ———— ————, the male and female gametophytes have been reduced down to one cell and two nuclei in the male gametophytes, and a 7 celled, 8 nucleate female gametophyte.
Flowering plants
The ————— generation is ———— in nonvascular plants, like bryophytes, which include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
Gametophyte, dominant
A ————— is a thread-like chain of cells that is the first stage of development in the life cycle of mosses.
Protonema
During —————, any part of the gametophyte plant is capable of regenerating the protonemal phase followed by a mature gametophyte. It is a form of asexual reproduction.
Fragmentation
A haploid plant cell that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm, by mitosis.
Mature gametophyte
Male gametangium are called ————.
Antheridium
Female gametangium are called —————.
Archegonium
A multicellular, diploid stage in the life cycle of a plant or algae that produces asexual spores.
Sporophyte
The point where the sporophyte is attached is called the ————.
Foot
The long stalk or ——— of the sporophyte. Serves as aid in wind dispersal by elevating the spore-bearing structure above the clump of mosses.
Seta
Mosses have a ————, where the sporangia are housed.
Capsule
In a capsule, the ————— provides a protective cover to the spore-producing region until the spores are mature. At this time this part of the capsule will fall off and the spores will escape.
Operculum
Asexual reproduction occurs through extensively spreading and branching ———— (underground stems)
Rhizomes
The gametophyte of ferns and other primitive plants.
Prothallus
A structure in certain plants and other organisms that is charged with making and storing spores.
Sporangium
The brown capsules on sporangium are known as ————.
Sori
A ring like structure, or any body part that is shaped like a ring.
Annulus
Spores that are produced by meiosis are called —————.
Meiospores
———— are modified rhizomes. They are formed in plants such as Irish potatoes.
Tubers
————— are horizontally growing stems that produce few, if any leaves. These plants will produce roots down into the soil and new above ground shoots instead. (Ex strawberry plants)
Runners (stolons)
A ———— is a point on the stem where new growth emerges, such as leaves, branches or flowers. Important for pruning and propagating plants.
Node
A few seed plants such as duckweed and Mother of Thousands plant produce miniature plants on the margin of their leaves. These drop off and develop into mature plants.
Plantlets
Each ———— has a very short stem which is surrounded by fleshy leaves. Examples are onions, chives and lilies.
Bulb
These are similar to bulbs except that there are no storage leaves. The nutrients are stored in the swollen stem.
Corms
Flowers are generally composed of the male and female reproductive structures
surrounded by attractive or protective leaf like structures collectively known as the —————.
Perianth
The flower functions to protect the developing gametes and to ensure gamete transfer by ——————.
Pollination
The male reproductive structure of a flower is ——————.
Stamen
The female reproductive structure of a flower is the —————.
Carpel (pistil)
There are two types of sporangia in flowering plants, the males are called ——————, and the females are called ——————.
Microsporangium, megasporangium.
In flowers, the ————— develop first and are leaf like structures. They provide protection for the delicate internal structures and a small amount of food through photosynthesis for the remainder of the floral parts.
Sepals
Inside the sepals are the ————. Frequently brightly coloured and are also designed for protection. They attract pollinators.
Petals
The ——— are leaves modified for the production of microsporangia.
Stamens
The ————— is made up of one or more microsporangia and it is the site of the production of pollen grains. Each stamen consists of one of these.
Anther
Each stamen on a lily consists of an anther suspended on a —————.
Filaments
———— ———— are single cells that contain 2 male gametes. These are released by plants as part of their reproduction cycle.
Pollen grains
The ———— ———— in a flower are found in pollen grains
Male gametes
A carpel is a leaf which has been modified to produce ————.
Ovules
A ————, is a sticky surface designed to receive pollen grains.
Stigma
The slender stalk through which pollen tubes grow is called the ————.
Style
The ———— is the part of a flower that contains ovules, which develop into seeds.
Ovary
————— are diploid cells in plants that undergo meiosis to produce micro spores.
Microsporocytes
————— are spores that develop into male gametophytes in vascular plants.
Microspores
The ————— ————— is a haploid nucleus in the pollen grain that divides to create sperm cells.
Generative nucleus
The ——— ———— is a nucleus in a pollen grain that controls the growth of the pollen tube.
Tube nucleus
A ———— ——— is a tube-shaped structure that transports sperm cells from pollen grains to the ovary of a flowering plant.
Pollen tube
———— ———— are the reproductive nuclei of pollen grains that are released into the ovule to fertilize the egg.
Sperm nuclei
A mature ———— ———— is a three nucleated structure that contains two sperm cells
Male gametophyte
The ———— ——— is a reproductive structure in flowering plants that contains the egg cells.
Embryo sac
A —————— is a diploid cell in plants that produce haploid mega spores through meiosis.
Megasporocyte
—————— are large spores that develop into female gametophytes which produce egg cells.
Megaspores
A mature ————— ————— is an 8 nucleated, seven-called structure that develops into the ovule of a flowering plant.
Female gametophyte
————— ———— are a group of three haploid cells in the embryo sac of a flowering plant. They provide nourishment for the egg cells.
Antipodal cells
————— cells are specialized cells in flowering plants that help guide pollen tubes to the egg cell.
Synergid
———— ——— are haploid nuclei in the centre of a flowering plants embryo sac that fuse with a sperm cell to form the endosperm.
Polar nuclei
One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form a —————.
Zygote
Sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) ————— —————.
Endosperm nucleus
———— ————- is a process that occurs in flowering plants, where two sperm cells from a pollen tube fuse with cells in the embryo sac to create an embryo and endosperm.
Double fertilization
The ovule with a zygote is now termed a ————.
Seed
The seed development consists of a conversion of the integument of the ovule into a resistant ——— ————.
Seed coat.
The —————— is a tissue in the seeds of flowering plants that provides nutrients for the embryo and stores food reserves
Endosperm
An ———— in a seed is a fertilized ovule that develops into a new plant under the right conditions. It is surrounded by endosperm which provide nutrients and a seed coat.
Embryo
————— are the embryonic leaves that form within the seed, acting as a vital source of nutrition for the developing plant embryo.
Cotyledon
The primary root, or the ————, is the first organ to appear when a seed germinates. It grows downward into the soil, anchoring the seedling.
Radicle
The ————— is the part of a seed that emerges first when a seed when a seed is planted and grows into the stem of the plant.
Hypocotyl
On a seed, the part attached to the cotyledons is termed the —————. This part will eventually develop into the above ground structures of the plant (stem, leaves, flowers)
Epicotyl
