Tutorial Lab 1 Flashcards
the science of naming, describing, and classifying the organisms into similar groups
Taxonomy
refers to a group of organisms that share certain characteristics.
Taxa
the highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical biological classification system, above the kingdom level
Domain
a population or group of populations whose
members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring,
but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such group
Biological species
Bacteria from the Rhizobium Genus can transform atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into
compounds that plants, and eventually other organisms, can use. These compounds
include ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite. This process is called ———————— and the
only organisms on earth that can carry out this biochemistry are certain prokaryotes
Nitrogen fixation
The enzymes involved in this nitrogen fixation process are collectively
referred to as ————————. These enzymes are very sensitive to oxygen. Oxygen
appears to inactivate these enzymes and shut down the nitrogen fixation processes
Nitrogenases
Because of Cyanobacteria’s oxygen sensitivity, many have evolved special cells called ————— that have adaptations to exclude and reduce the oxygen inside them.
Heterocysts
The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are commonly known as
“root living” because they live in swellings called ————— along the roots
Nodules
—————— involves a host cell engulfing a symbiont cell by phagocytosis. According to the hypothesis, they were not digested but remained within the cytoplasm and carried on performing the abilities it has (benefitted the host cell)
Serial endosymbiosis
the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
Cytoplasm
the cells that are formed after cell division
Daughter cells
a type of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells
Binary fission
a process in which a cell splits into two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
a type of cell division that creates sex cells, or gametes, in sexually reproducing organisms
Meiosis
a cell or organism has a single set of chromosomes
Haploid
a cell or organism has two complete sets of chromosomes
Diploid
the series of stages an organism goes through from birth to death
Life cycle
The processes of meiosis and fertilization are
the basis of sex, and therefore these life cycles are often referred to as ——— ——— ———.
Sexual life cycles
What are the two methods of asexual reproduction utilized by algae?
Daughter colony formation
Sporulation
A limited number of colonial algae produce miniature replicates of the colonies, these are termed…
Daughter colonies
The process in which any cell of an organism produces on or more reproductive cells inside its cell walls
Sporulation
a structure that produces and stores spores in certain organisms, such as plants and fungi
Sporangium
a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell.
Spores
a tiny, seed-like cell that propels itself using a long appendage called a flagellum
Zoospores
a spore case or sporangium bearing zoospores
Zoosporangia
the process when a sperm and egg cell fuse to create a zygote, which then develops into a new organism
Fertilization
Fertilization can also be referred to as…
Syngamy
—————— is the form of sexual reproduction in which the gametes produced are
identical in shape, size, and motility. There is no structural distinction between “male”
and “female” gametes, which are known as ————————.
Isogamy, isogametes
A specific example exhibiting non-motile isogametes is the reproductive process
known as ———————, which occurs in the filamentous green algae
Conjugation
When the plasmodium dries into a hard resistant structure, it’s
called a ——————— and remains dormant until conditions improve.
Sclerotium
plasmodium will produce ——————— (fruiting bodies) which are
characteristic of the species
Fructifications
What are the two major types of fruiting bodies in plasmodial slime molds?
Sporangia and aethalia
Where are sporangia found in slime molds?
Usually borne at the tip of the stalk and can be extremely ornate
What are aethalia?
Relatively massive, single chambered structures.
When the two mating strains are in close proximity, hormones are produced that cause their hyphal tips to come together and develop into ————————.
Gametangia
When gametangia is developed, it becomes separated from the rest of the fungal body by the formation of —————.
Septa
the process of fusing the cytoplasm of two cells during sexual reproduction. It’s a key step in the sexual reproduction of fungi and other organisms.
Plasmogamy
thick-walled reproductive cells produced by some fungi and algae. They are a resting stage in the life cycle of these organisms.
Zygospore
Each zygospore has two sets of separate haploid nuclei and is therefore referred to as ———.
Dikaryotic
the process of fusing two haploid nuclei to create a diploid nucleus. It’s the final step in sexual reproduction and is essential for the creation of new organisms.
Karyogamy
An ————— is a sac-like structure that is characteristic
of this phylum and distinguishes the Ascomycota from all other fung
Ascus
Ascus formation
is usually within a complex structure composed of a tightly interwoven hyphal network
known as an ———————. Many are macroscopic, and are the only part of these
fungi that most people ever see.
Ascocarp
What is a apothecium?
a cup-shaped structure in fungi and lichens that produces and releases spores
What is a Cleistothecium?
a closed, spherical fruiting structure that contains reproductive structures for some ascomycetes fungi.
sexual spores produced by ascomycetes, a type of fungi.
Ascospores
Flask shaped with a small pore through which ascospores escape. This is called a —————.
Perithecium
The layer of asci is called the —————. This lines to interior of the ascocarp.
Hymenium
In the Ascomycota the gametangia produced by the “male” hyphae are called ——————.
Antheridia
In the Ascomycota the gametangia produced by the “female” hyphae are called —————.
Ascogonia
The apothecium of Morchella sp. has a stalk or stripe and a fertile portion called the —————.
Pileus
Sexual reproduction in the Basidiomycota always involves the formation of a —————. It is a sack like structure.
Basidium
Basidium formation is usually within a complex structure composed of a tightly
interwoven hyphal network known as a —————.
Basidiocarp
The basidia are borne in layer on the surface of ———— which, in turn, are produced on the underside of fleshy umbrella-like basidiocarps.
Gills
The ————— are forcibly ejected from each basidium
Basidiospores
The basidiocarp consists of a
stout —————— (stipe) bearing a circular —————— (pileus) from which the —————- (gills) hang down.
Stalk, cap, lamellae
The basidia are found covering the surface of gills, or lining the inside of —————.
Pores
In the puffballs the mature basidiocarp consists of a papery outer covering with a small opening or ————— on the top. Inside is the mass of spores.
Ostiole
You should be aware that as photosynthetic organisms in marine and freshwater habitats, the algae are the ————— —————— of these aquatic food chains
Primary producers
If a fungus feeds on dead organic matter, it’s known as a ——————.
Saprophyte
If a fungus is in a relationship where there is no benefit to the other organism, the fungus in question is a ——————.
Parasite
If the relationship to both the fungus and other organism have benefits, the relationship is considered to be ——————.
Mutualistic
The word —————— is derived from the Classical Greek words for ‘mushroom’ and ‘root’
Mycorrhiza
