Tutorial Lab 1 Flashcards
What is the classification system?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the main process that make prokaryotes so important?
Certain prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation. Enzymes involved are known as nitrogenases and these prokaryotes can form symbiotic relationships with plants. Swellings in the roots of plants caused by this are called nodules.
What are nodules?
Swellings on the roots of plants where prokaryotic bacteria fix nitrogen
The origin and diversity of the protists can be best explained by the process of ______________
Serial endosymbiosis
Describe serial endoymbiosis
A host cell engulfed a symbiont cells and this cell lived on inside the consuming organism and this resulted in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Describe daughter colony formation
Daughter colonies are mini replicas of the parent colony itself, produced inside the hollow colony itself or in the cells of the parent colony
Describe sporulation
Sporulation is the most common type of reproduction in algae. Original cell is called a sporangium and new ones are called spores.
Descrube basic sexual reproductive practices in algae
Sexual reproduction is divided into isogamy and heterogamy. The process of gamete formation is gamtogenesis and gametes fuse to each other in fertilization (syngamy). Gametes are haploid
Descibe isogamy and conjugation in algae
Isogamy means that the gametes produced are the same size and shape (isogametes).
Conjugation is an isogamy process. Adjacent filaments develop conjugation tubes between them. Cytoplasmic contents form a mass (isogamete) and it transfers to the other filament. They unit to to form a zygote. Zygote undergoes meiosis and only 1/4 cells form new filament.
Define heterogamy in algae
Two different gametes are produced. The male is small and motile, and the female is large and non-motile. Filament produces flagellated sperm that are released and unite with eggs from other filament, which in turn becomes a zygote. This zygote undergoes meiosis and produced haploid cells.
If food and moisture are short a plasmodium may go into a hardened stage called ___________
Sclerotium
Describe sexual reproduction in plasmodial slime molds
If food or moisture are short a plasmodium may start a reproductive stage. Fruitifications are produced and these come in two types: sporangia (the tipe of the stalk) and aethalia (mass of chambered structures). Meisosis occurs here to produce haploid spores.
Describe sexual reproduction in zygomycota - particularly Rhizopus stolonifera
When + and - strains get close the hyphal tips come together to form gametangia, which are separated from the hyphae by septa. The wall between the two gametangia eventually breaks and the haploid hyphae mix together in the same cytoplasm (plasmogamy). This becomes the zygospore. The two nuclei fuse in a process called karyogamy and this diploid nuclei undergoes meiosis. A sporangium is released by the zygospore and eventually bursts, releasing meisospores.
What are the different shapes of ascocarps?
Open/cup shaped (apothecium)
Closed and spherical (cleistothecium)
Flask shaped with a small pore (perithicium)
Describe sexual reproduction in ascomycota
In ascomycota there is always a formation of an ascus within a tightly interwovan hyphal network (ascocarp). A layer of these asci is known as the hymenium. When two compatible strains are close and anthirida and an ascogonia form. The male antheridium may deposit nuclei into the female ascogonium via tube (trichogyne). When the trychogyne fuses with the ascogonium we call this plasmogamy. Dikaryotic hyphae grow out an form the ascocarp. Karyogamy occurs by the ascus and meiosis and mitosis both occur. Ascospores form and are sent away
Describe sexual reproduction in yeast
Yeast can reproduce when two cells or two ascopsores unite and form a diploid zygote. Reproduction either occurs with asexual buds or meiosis after that. When joined, a single cell is known as an ascus.
What makes the cup fungi so unique?
Cup fungi are the most advanced froup of ascomycota. They produce an ascocarp called an apothecium, with the asci arranged in an exposed layer. In morels the apothecium has a stalk and a fertile part called the pileus
Describe sexual reproduction in basidiomycota
Basidiomycota have a primary reproductive structure called a basiodiocarp (often a typical mushroom). It consists of a stalk, circular cap, and gills that hang down from the cap. Basidia form from the surface of the gills and basidiospores are ejected from these basidia.
+ and - strain hyphae come close and fuse (plasmogamy) to form a dikaryotic cell, which divides until you have a chain of dikaryotic hyphae, at the end of which a basidium forms. Haploid nuclei fuse (karyogamy), meisosi happens, and haploid nuclei go to the end of the basidium to be released.
What makes bracket fungi unique?
Bracket fungi have basidia that are found covering the surface of gills (or teeth) or lining the inside of pores. Many are found growing on tree trunks.
Describe puffballs and earth stars
Puffballs and earth stars have a mature basidiocarp with a papery outer covering and an opening (ostiole) which the spores are ejected from
What are the bulbs here referred to as? What is the name of structure in the photo?
The bulbs are nodules.
This is a root.
Identify this organism. What are the smaller circular structures?
Volvox sp. It is a type of algae. The circular structures are daughter colonies (copies of the parent colony) being formed within the larger parent. This is asexual reproduction
Identify this organism. Explain it’s asexual reproductive processes
Ulothrix sp., type of algae.
Ulothrix has zoosporangia containing zoospores that are released and reproduce to produce filament
Identify this organism. What is occuring in this picture?
Spirogyra sp. is undergoing sexual reproduction - isogamy - conjugation.
