Tutorial Lab 1

Question 1

What is the classification system?

Answer 1

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Question 2

What is the main process that make prokaryotes so important?

Answer 2

Certain prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation. Enzymes involved are known as nitrogenases and these prokaryotes can form symbiotic relationships with plants. Swellings in the roots of plants caused by this are called nodules.

Question 3

What are nodules?

Answer 3

Swellings on the roots of plants where prokaryotic bacteria fix nitrogen

Question 4

The origin and diversity of the protists can be best explained by the process of ______________

Answer 4

Serial endosymbiosis

Question 5

Describe serial endoymbiosis

Answer 5

A host cell engulfed a symbiont cells and this cell lived on inside the consuming organism and this resulted in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 6

Describe daughter colony formation

Answer 6

Daughter colonies are mini replicas of the parent colony itself, produced inside the hollow colony itself or in the cells of the parent colony

Question 7

Describe sporulation

Answer 7

Sporulation is the most common type of reproduction in algae. Original cell is called a sporangium and new ones are called spores.

Question 8

Descrube basic sexual reproductive practices in algae

Answer 8

Sexual reproduction is divided into isogamy and heterogamy. The process of gamete formation is gamtogenesis and gametes fuse to each other in fertilization (syngamy). Gametes are haploid

Question 9

Descibe isogamy and conjugation in algae

Answer 9

Isogamy means that the gametes produced are the same size and shape (isogametes).

Conjugation is an isogamy process. Adjacent filaments develop conjugation tubes between them. Cytoplasmic contents form a mass (isogamete) and it transfers to the other filament. They unit to to form a zygote. Zygote undergoes meiosis and only 1/4 cells form new filament.

Question 10

Define heterogamy in algae

Answer 10

Two different gametes are produced. The male is small and motile, and the female is large and non-motile. Filament produces flagellated sperm that are released and unite with eggs from other filament, which in turn becomes a zygote. This zygote undergoes meiosis and produced haploid cells.

Question 11

If food and moisture are short a plasmodium may go into a hardened stage called ___________

Answer 11

Sclerotium

Question 12

Describe sexual reproduction in plasmodial slime molds

Answer 12

If food or moisture are short a plasmodium may start a reproductive stage. Fruitifications are produced and these come in two types: sporangia (the tipe of the stalk) and aethalia (mass of chambered structures). Meisosis occurs here to produce haploid spores.

Question 13

Describe sexual reproduction in zygomycota - particularly Rhizopus stolonifera

Answer 13

When + and - strains get close the hyphal tips come together to form gametangia, which are separated from the hyphae by septa. The wall between the two gametangia eventually breaks and the haploid hyphae mix together in the same cytoplasm (plasmogamy). This becomes the zygospore. The two nuclei fuse in a process called karyogamy and this diploid nuclei undergoes meiosis. A sporangium is released by the zygospore and eventually bursts, releasing meisospores.

Question 14

What are the different shapes of ascocarps?

Answer 14

Open/cup shaped (apothecium)

Closed and spherical (cleistothecium)

Flask shaped with a small pore (perithicium)

Question 15

Describe sexual reproduction in ascomycota

Answer 15

In ascomycota there is always a formation of an ascus within a tightly interwovan hyphal network (ascocarp). A layer of these asci is known as the hymenium. When two compatible strains are close and anthirida and an ascogonia form. The male antheridium may deposit nuclei into the female ascogonium via tube (trichogyne). When the trychogyne fuses with the ascogonium we call this plasmogamy. Dikaryotic hyphae grow out an form the ascocarp. Karyogamy occurs by the ascus and meiosis and mitosis both occur. Ascospores form and are sent away

Question 16

Describe sexual reproduction in yeast

Answer 16

Yeast can reproduce when two cells or two ascopsores unite and form a diploid zygote. Reproduction either occurs with asexual buds or meiosis after that. When joined, a single cell is known as an ascus.

Question 17

What makes the cup fungi so unique?

Answer 17

Cup fungi are the most advanced froup of ascomycota. They produce an ascocarp called an apothecium, with the asci arranged in an exposed layer. In morels the apothecium has a stalk and a fertile part called the pileus

Question 18

Describe sexual reproduction in basidiomycota

Answer 18

Basidiomycota have a primary reproductive structure called a basiodiocarp (often a typical mushroom). It consists of a stalk, circular cap, and gills that hang down from the cap. Basidia form from the surface of the gills and basidiospores are ejected from these basidia.

+ and - strain hyphae come close and fuse (plasmogamy) to form a dikaryotic cell, which divides until you have a chain of dikaryotic hyphae, at the end of which a basidium forms. Haploid nuclei fuse (karyogamy), meisosi happens, and haploid nuclei go to the end of the basidium to be released.

Question 19

What makes bracket fungi unique?

Answer 19

Bracket fungi have basidia that are found covering the surface of gills (or teeth) or lining the inside of pores. Many are found growing on tree trunks.

Question 20

Describe puffballs and earth stars

Answer 20

Puffballs and earth stars have a mature basidiocarp with a papery outer covering and an opening (ostiole) which the spores are ejected from

Question 21

What are the bulbs here referred to as? What is the name of structure in the photo?

Answer 21

The bulbs are nodules.

This is a root.

Question 22

Identify this organism. What are the smaller circular structures?

Answer 22

Volvox sp. It is a type of algae. The circular structures are daughter colonies (copies of the parent colony) being formed within the larger parent. This is asexual reproduction

Question 23

Identify this organism. Explain it’s asexual reproductive processes

Answer 23

Ulothrix sp., type of algae.

Ulothrix has zoosporangia containing zoospores that are released and reproduce to produce filament

Question 24

Identify this organism. What is occuring in this picture?

Answer 24

Spirogyra sp. is undergoing sexual reproduction - isogamy - conjugation.

Question 25

Identify this organism. What has occured at the marked area?

Answer 25

Oedogonium sp., a filamentous algae.

Flagellated sperm from one filament found the female gamete on another, causing the development of a zygote. Heterogamy. Sexual reproduction.

Question 26

What is this?

Answer 26

Sporangial reproductive form of slime molds

Question 27

What is this?

Answer 27

Aethalia of a slime mold

Question 28

Identify this organism and describe what the large red bulbs are

Answer 28

Rhizopus stolonifera (black bread mold), type of zygomycota.

The red bulbs are zygospores. These zygospores should release a sporangium which will release meisospores

Question 29

What is indicated by the arrow?

Answer 29

An asci of yeast

Question 30

Identify the organism. What is on this slide?

Answer 30

Peziza sp.

Ascospores in ascus of an ascocarp of an ascomycotic fungi

Question 31

Identify and classify this organism. What is the folded part called?

Answer 31

Morchella sp., ascomycota, fungi

Pileus.

Question 32

What are we seeing here?

Answer 32

Cross section of basidiocarp. Long things are gills, and the tiny dots are basidium and basidispores