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Biology lab (based On Review) > Practical lab 4 > Flashcards

Practical lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 main features distinguish the phylum Chordata

A
  1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  2. The notochord
  3. The presence, at some point in the life, of paired pharyngeal pouches in the pharynx or throat
  4. A gland (or tissue) which concentrates iodine
  5. A post anal tail
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2
Q

Describe the notochord

A

Cartilaginous rod that develops dorsal to the primitive gut in the early embryo. Acts as a cellular hydroskeleton.

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3
Q

Describe pharyngeal pouches

A

Paired structures in the pharynx or throat that either perforate to become gill slits or disappear as the embryo develops

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4
Q

What is a post anal tail?

A

A tail that extends past the exit of the anus

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5
Q

What is the subphyla of Chordata that we are studying?

A

Vertebrata

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6
Q

What class is the perch contained in?

A

Osteichthyes

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7
Q

What class is the rat in?

A

Mammalia

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8
Q

What is the fusiform body shape?

A

Laterally flattened and streamlined body shape to minimize resistance

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9
Q

On the ventral surface of the fish, there are two openings. The larger more anterior opening is the _____, and the smaller more posterior opening is the _________.

A

Anus, urogenital opening

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10
Q

The special portion of the fish covering the gills is referred to as?

A

The operculum

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11
Q

Describe the lateral line system

A

The lateral line system is the pigmented line extending from the dorsal border of the operculum all the way to the tail. This is formed of modified scales containing sensory pits.

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the perch body?

A

Head, trunk, and tail

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13
Q

What is the mouth of the perch called, for some godforsaken reason?

A

Terminal mouth

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14
Q

Describe the nasal area of the Perch

A

Above the mouth are four nasal apertures, with the anterior nasal apertures attached to the posterior nasal apertures

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15
Q

Behind the operculum are ______ gill arches. _____ are attached to such arches

A

Four, gills

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16
Q

Just posterior to the operculum are two ______ fins, which are attached to the __________

A

Pectoral, pectoral girdle

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17
Q

Under the fish, near the front, are the ______ fins

A

Pelvic

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20
Q

Describe the median fins of the perch

A

There are four median fins. The caudal fin (tail), anal fin (behind anus), and the anterior and posterior dorsal fins

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21
Q

What are the two types of skeletal muscles in the perch? Describe them.

A

Axial muscles are in the axis of the body (attached to axial skeleton), whereas appendicular muscles are those of limbs and girdles. The remaining skeletal muscles a associated with the eyes, jaws, gills, and opercula

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22
Q

Describe the axial muscle structure of the perch

A

Axial muscles are separated into into segments called myomeres. Each myomere is connected by a line of tissue called a myosepta. A horizontal septum divides the myomeres in half, dorsal-ventral

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23
Q

Describe the digestive system of the perch

A

The gastrointestinal tract runs into a cloaca or outside of the body via the anus.
The tract is divided into:
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. At the junction of the small and large intestines there is a caecum, where bacteria breaks down plants.
Accessory organs include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder

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24
Q

Describe the differences between various teeth

A

Molars have flat surfaces for crushing.
Premolars are for shearing, cutting, and slicing.
Incisors are chisel-shaped and are used for biting.
Pointed teeth (canines in mammals) are used for tearing flesh.

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25
Q

Describe the appearance and location of the following organs within the Perch:
Esophagus, Stomach, Pyloric caeca, intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, gonads

A

Esophagus - Front of fish; short, straight tube
Stomach - located on top of the heart, liver, and caeca. Long, yellow- orange, and large
Pyloric caeca - the junction of the stomach and intestine with three tubes for absorption, also yellow-orange
Intestine - long tube that’s purpley in colour
Liver - just below the stomach and anterior to the caeca
Gall bladder - on the undersurface of the liver, drains bile
Spleen - dark, football shaped organ, maintains blood cells
Gonads - gigantic yellow structures

26
Q

Describe the difference between osmoconformers and osmoregulators

A

Osmoconformers - do not adjust their internal osmolarity and are isosmotic with their environment
Osmoregulators - animals that are not isosmotic with their environment and regulate internal solute and water concentrations via mechanisms

27
Q

Describe the perch urinary system

A

Kidneys lie dorsal to the swim bladder.
Past the kidneys, two small ducts unite to form the ureter. The ureter and the gonoduct empty via the urogenital opening. The urinary bladder is a small sac at the posterior end of the body cavity

28
Q

Describe the male reproductive system of the perch

A

The testes are white, elongated organs that fuse together toward the posterior end. Sperm leaves via the urogenital opening

29
Q

Describe the female reproductive system of the perch

A

The ovary lies between the intestine and the air bladder, filled with eggs. The posterior end is tapered, and the eggs pass outside via the urogenital opening.

30
Q

Describe the gills of the perch

A

The gills are attached to each of the four pairs of branchial arches, with gill rakers attached to those. Each gill has two sets if filaments. These gills are known as holobranchs.

30
Q

What is the counter current system?

A

Gill capillaries in the lamellae are arranged in such a way that blood flows opposite to the flow of water, maximizing carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange

31
Q

What does it mean to have a single type circulatory system?

A

The heart is a single pump moving blood in a single circuit.

32
Q

Describe the pericardial membrane and the transverse septum

A

Pericardial membrane - attaches the heart area to the body wall
Transverse septum - heavy membrane separating the pericardial and abdominal cavities

33
Q

Describe the heart of the perch

A

The bulbous arteriosis is the posterior, noticeable part. This comes from the ventral aorta. The bulbous arteriosis is attached to the dorsal atrium and the ventral ventricle. On the top of the heart is the sinus venosus

34
Q

What are the two main characteristics of mammals?

A
  1. Have hair and some point

2. All female mammals have mammary glands with a external opening (boobs)

35
Q

What does it mean to use digitigrade locomotion?

A

The animal walks on the digits only, with the rest of the foot above the ground

36
Q

What are the four regions of the that’s body?

A

Head, neck, trunk, and tail

37
Q

Describe the head, neck, mouth, nose, eyes, and ears of the rat

A

Head is large and separated from the trunk by a neck.
The mouth has upper and lower lips, with corresponding upper and lower incisors.
External nares are situated on the nose.
The eyes are protected by upper and lower eyelids.
The ear has an external fold called the pinna, which directs sound waves into the ear canal (external auditory meatus). At the base of the canal is a tympanic membrane.
Rats possess long sensory hairs called vibrassae (whiskers)

38
Q

Describe the outer trunk of the rat

A

The trunk is divided into the anterior thorax and the posterior abdomen. Teats or nipples can be located on the ventral surface of the trunk.

39
Q

Describe the urogenital openings of the rat

A

Females - The urethral opening is the most anterior with the vaginal orifice just posterior to it. The anus is located at the base of the tail, posterior to the vaginal orifice.
Makes - the urethra is a common urogenital duct and opens at the tip of the penis. At the base of the tail is the sac-shaped scrotum containing the testes

40
Q

Describe the musculature system of the rat

A

External oblique - outer layer of the body wall
Internal oblique - beneath the external oblique, fibres run in different direction
Transverse oblique - beneath the internal oblique
Rectus abdominis - long, thin muscle running down the ventral side of the rat
Latissimus dorsi - fan-shaped muscle running from under the arm to just over the ribs
Appendicular muscles - triceps brachii (outer arm), biceps brachii (inner arm - inner elbow)

41
Q

Describe the salivary glands of the rat

A

There are three pairs if salivary glands:
Parotid gland - lies just beneath the ear and extends over the neck and shoulder
Submaxillary glands - slightly smaller than the parotid and located ventrally to the parotid
Sublingual glands - smaller and more anterior than the submaxillary glands
Extraorbital lacrimal gland - forms tears and other eye secretions, located near the eye

42
Q

Describe the oral cavity of the rat

A

The mouth consists of a tongue, a hard palate (separating the nasal and oral cavities), and teeth. The rat only has incisors and molars, because it is an herbivore.

43
Q

Describe the body cavity of the rat using those weird technical terms

A

The coelom is the body cavity within which the viscera (internal organs) are suspended. This is all covered by a membranous tissue called peritoneum, which forms many delicate membranes

44
Q

Describe the many membranes of the peritoneum

A

Mesentery proper - Double layer of peritoneal membrane extending from dorsal body wall to organs
Falciform ligament - Layer of tissue extending from ventral body wall and diaphragm to the liver
Parietal peritoneum - Shiny membrane which lines the body wall of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum - Shiny membrane which covers the organs
Greater Omentum - Double walled peritoneal sac which extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen
Lesser Omentum - Joins the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

45
Q

Describe the stomach of the rat

A

The stomach is comprised of three areas:
The cardiac portion (entrance from the esophagus), the fundic portion (large middle area), and the pyloric portion (constricted posterior portion).
The stomach opens into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter.
The stomach is filled with ridges (rugae) to increase surface area

46
Q

Describe the small intestine of the rat

A

The small intestine is comprised of three regions:
The anterior portion (duodenum) receives secretion from other organs such as the pancreas. The duodenum becomes the jejunum then finally the ileum.
The intestine is covered in tiny villi to increase surface area

47
Q

Describe the large intestine of the rat

A

The large intestine consists of four areas:
The large caecum on the junction of the small and large intestine, an ascending colon in the right side, a short transverse colon, and a descending colon heading posteriorly to the rectum. The rectum is the final portion, where feces is stored.

48
Q

Describe the liver of the rat

A

The liver is divided into several lobes and is located above the stomach

49
Q

Describe the spleen of the rat

A

The spleen is located just under the stomach and is attached to it through the greater omentum.

50
Q

Describe the pancreas of the rat

A

The pancreas is embedded in the mesentery proper and the greater omentum. It is found just after the stomach, attached to the duodenum. It looks like a fungal growth.

51
Q

Describe the osmoregulatory system of the rat, noting differences between male and female

A

The ureter is the tube exiting the kidney at a depression called the hilus. The ureter carries urine to the urinary bladder for storage. This leads through the urethra and out of the body.
In males, the urethra travels through the penis and can carry urine or sperm.
In females, the urethra is separate from the vagina, and is very hard to find.
The kidney itself consists of two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla

52
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of the male rat reproductive system

A

The scrotum is a large sac of skin containing the testes. The testes are oval and are surrounded by a c-shaped structure called the epididymis. Three regions of the epididymis can be recognized: the caput (head) epididymis covering the anterior end, the corpus epididymis along the lateral surface, and the cauda (tail) epididymis on the posterior end.
Sperm cells move through the epididymis into the vas deferens, a large tube leading to the urethra.
The prostate glands are found on either side of the urinary bladder. The vesicular glands and coagulating glands are also in this area

53
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of the female rat reproductive system

A

The ovaries are tangled-looking masses just posterior to the kidneys, which are often buried in a mass of fat. The oviducts are tiny, coiled tubes leading to the uterus. In the rat there are right and left cornua (horns) of the uterus. These unite to form the vagina.

54
Q

Describe the respiratory system of the rat

A

The lungs are located on either side of the heart in the thoracic cavity. The walls of this cavity are covered in parietal pleura, and the membrane covering the lungs is called visceral pleura.
There is one lobe in the left lung and four in the right lung.

55
Q

The circulatory system of the rat is a ________ system, with two circuits of blood flow, ______ and ______

A

Double circulatory system, systemic, pulmonary

56
Q

Describe the heart of the rat

A

The thymus gland covers the heart and must be removed to view it.
The heart consists of four chambers, the right and left ventricles (hard to distinguish externally) and the right and left atria.
Three main blood vessels entry the right atrium: the right superior vena cava, the left superior vena cava, and the inferior vena cava.
The thoracic cavity is drained by the azygous vein which empties into the left superior vena cava.

Biology lab (based On Review) (9 decks)

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